tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78630952534611118082024-03-14T05:34:13.460-07:00KEBUTUHAN DASAR MANUSIASEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.comBlogger76125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-37487133020064901372016-06-16T06:58:00.002-07:002016-06-16T06:58:58.088-07:00kisioner data inti keluarga<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FORMAT
PENGUMPULAN DATA KESEHATAN KELUARGA</span></h1>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>STRUKTUR DAN SIFAT KELUARGA</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEPALA KELUARGA</div>
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<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251660288;"></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Nama
KK<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 355px; z-index: 251661312;"></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jenis
Kelamin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 245px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 355px; z-index: 251662336;"></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Umur/Tanggal
Lahir<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 245px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 355px; z-index: 251663360;"></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Agama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="354" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pendidikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="354" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pekerjaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="354" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Alamat
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>ANGGOTA KELUARGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 191;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" width="40"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251771904;"><span style="height: 223px; left: 0px; left: 244px; position: absolute; top: -11px; width: 2px;"><img height="223" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251769856;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 646px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251768832;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 592px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251767808;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 502px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251766784;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 406px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251765760;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 316px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251770880;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 190px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251772928;"><span style="height: 222px; left: 0px; left: 38px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251764736;"><span style="height: 222px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="222" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251750400;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" width="152"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">NAMA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">UMUR</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">JENIS
KELAMIN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">HUBUNGAN
KELUARGA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">PENDIDIKAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">PEKERJAAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">KET</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251751424;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -7px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251752448;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -7px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251753472;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -4px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251754496;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251755520;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251756544;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251757568;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251758592;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251759616;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -9px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251760640;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251761664;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.0pt;" valign="top" width="40"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -6px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 655px; z-index: 251763712;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251762688;"><span style="height: 2px; left: -6px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 655px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="655" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>HUBUNGAN DALAM KELUARGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Hubungan
antar anggota keluarga :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Harmonis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
harmonis, alasannya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo132; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pendapatan
keluarga yang minim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo132; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pertengkaran
antar keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo132; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Perselingkuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo132; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Perbedaan
RAS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo132; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Broken
home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Siapa
anggota keluarga yang paling dipercaya kepala keluarga untuk membantu
memecahkan masalah kesehatan yang ada dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Anak
tertua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kerabat dekat (paman, bibi,dll)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Istri/suami</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mertua/orang
tua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada anggota keluarga yang membantu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
keluarga dalam mengasuh anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l138 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bebas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l138 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sangat
dilindungi/dikekang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l138 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bebas
terbatas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l138 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Terarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Harapan
keluarga terhadap anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEBUTUHAN DALAM HIDUP SEHARI-HARI</div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo3;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEBUTUHAN NUTRISI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pengadaan
makanan keluarga sehari-hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Membeli</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l105 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Memasak
sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Komposisi
jenis makanan</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 50.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 175;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><h1>
<span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 399px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251714560;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 621px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251713536;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 525px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251712512;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 59px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251710464;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 93px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251711488;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251715584;"><img height="165" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251709440;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251708416;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">NO</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">JENIS
MAKANAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">TIDAK
PERNAH</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">KADANG-KADANG</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">SELALU
ADA</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Makanan
pokok</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251716608;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 60px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 559px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="559" /></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 77px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251719680;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lauk-pauk:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Daging
atau Ayam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ikan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Telor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tahu
atau Tempe</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251720704;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sayuran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251717632;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image016.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Buah-buahan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 559px; z-index: 251718656;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="559" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Susu
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Cara
penyajian makanan dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kadang-kadang
saja tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pantangan terhadap jenis makanan dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l197 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l197 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">, sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l174 level1 lfo133; tab-stops: 85.5pt list 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ikan
asin/ikan laut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l174 level1 lfo133; tab-stops: 85.5pt list 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Udang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l174 level1 lfo133; tab-stops: 85.5pt list 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Telur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Kebiasaan keluarga dalam mengelola air minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l110 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
dimasak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l110 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kadang-kadang
dimasak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l110 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dimasak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kebiasaan
keluarga dalam mengolah makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l195 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
dicuci</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l195 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dipotong-potong
baru dicuci</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l195 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dicuci
baru dipotong-potong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
kebiasaan makan dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bersama-sama<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Kadang bersama-sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sendiri-sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo3;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>ISTIRAHAT TIDUR</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lama tidur malam hari untuk anggota keluarga
yang berusia balita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><10
jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">10
- 12 jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">>12
jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
setiap anggota keluarga mempunyai kebiasaan tidur pada siang hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
setiap anggota keluarga memiliki kamar tidur masing-masing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l86 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l86 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak,
sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo134; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana pembagian kamarnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo3;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>OLAHRAGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l128 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga suka berolahraga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
sebutkan jenisnya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l128 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kapan
olahraga biasa dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Setiap
hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Setiap
minggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
tentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l128 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
semua anggota keluarga mengikuti </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l165 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l165 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak,
alasannya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l149 level1 lfo135; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sibuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l149 level1 lfo135; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lelah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l149 level1 lfo135; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Memiliki
penyakit kronis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l149 level1 lfo135; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">malas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo3;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>REKREASI ATAU PEMANFAATAN WAKTU SENGGANG</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l154 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai kebiasaan rekreasi yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l154 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lokasi
yang sering dikunjungi keluarga untuk rekreasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Luar
daerah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dalam
daerah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l154 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
setiap anggota keluarga menggunakan waktu senggangnya dengan hal yang
bermanfaat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l152 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l152 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l154 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ya, dimanfaatkan untuk apa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l143 level1 lfo136; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Nonton
TV<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Karang
taruna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l143 level1 lfo136; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengajian/IRM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e.
Ngobrol dengan tetangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l143 level1 lfo136; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mendengarkan
radio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l154 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
tidak, dimanfaatkan untuk apa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l119 level1 lfo137; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Nongkrong-nongkrong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l119 level1 lfo137; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Begadang
semalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l96 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEBUTUHAN KEBERSIHAN DIRI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo152; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah anggota keluarga mandi memakai sabun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l121 level1 lfo153; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l121 level1 lfo153; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo152; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
kebiasaan menggunakan handuk dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l164 level1 lfo154; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bersama-sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l164 level1 lfo154; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sendiri-sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo152; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa
kali frekuensi mandi keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo155; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><2
x / hari<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. >3 x / hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo155; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2 - 3 x / hari<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d.
tidak pernah mandi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>FAKTOR SOSIAL, BUDAYA DAN EKONOMI</div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l131 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>PENGHASILAN DAN PENGELUARAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
setiap anggota keluarga sudah mempunyai penghasilan sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l122 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l122 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apakah penghasilannya tersebut digunakan untuk
kepentingan keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l88 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l88 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
digabungkan, pendapatan keluarga sebulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l146 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><
Rp. 250.000<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.
> Rp. 350.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l146 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Rp.
250.000 – Rp. 350.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
penghasilan keluarga mencukupi untuk biaya hidup sehari-hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l156 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l156 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
ada anggota keluarga yang mempunyai tabungan untuk biaya kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l162 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l162 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l131 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>PENDIDIKAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang sedang mengikuti pendidikan diluar pendidikan formal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Ya (Contohnya : menjahit, montir,dll)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga (Diatas usia sekolah) yang tidak bisa membaca</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang memiliki ketrampilan khusus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 81.0pt 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">, Sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo138; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Montir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo138; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Menjahit
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l97 level1 lfo138; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pertukangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l131 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>SISTEM NILAI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Suku
dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l116 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Suku
ayah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sunda, Jawa,Luar Jawa
(Contohnya : Batak)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l116 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Suku
ibu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Sunda, Jawa,Luar Jawa
(Contohnya : Batak)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l116 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kultur
yang dominan dalam keluarga : Sunda, Jawa, Luar Jawa (Contohnya :Batak)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
nilai-nilai tertentu yang dianut keluarga yang bertentangan dengan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l170 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l170 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
sebutkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l179 level1 lfo172; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="11" width="124"><br /></td>
<td width="1"><br /></td>
<td width="203"><br /></td>
<td width="1"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="14"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="14"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l179 level1 lfo172; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l179 level1 lfo172; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mengikuti kegiatan keagamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l189 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l189 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
kegiatan atau nilai agama yang menurut keluarga bertentangan dengan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l148 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l148 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
sebutkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo139; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo139; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo139; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="11" width="125"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apa
persepsi keluarga terhadap kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Merupakan
hal yang penting</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bukan
merupakan masalah dalam keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
tahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l131 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>HUBUNGAN DENGAN MASYARAKAT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga ikut dalam organisasi kemasyarakatan, khususnya dalam bidang
kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l180 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l180 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
sebutkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo140; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="12" width="129"><br /></td>
<td width="203"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="15"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="14"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo140; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo140; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
penghargaan yang diterima dari masyarakat karena keikutsertaannya dalam
kegiatan kesehatan di masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l124 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l124 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga cukup berpengaruh di masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l115 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l115 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo171; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo171; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251677696;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l99 level1 lfo171; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 81.0pt list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l103 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
konflik keluarga dengan masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l102 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l102 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l131 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga melaksanakan ibadah sesuai dengan agama yang dianut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kadang-kadang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga berupaya meningkatkan pengetahuan agama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l133 level1 lfo141; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l133 level1 lfo141; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga mempunyai pakaian yang berbeda untuk di rumah, bekerja atau
disekolah dan saat bepergian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo142; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo142; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
setahun terakhir anggota keluarga memperoleh minimal 1 stel pakaian baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l127 level1 lfo143; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l127 level1 lfo143; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah keluarga memperoleh berita dari surat
kabar/radio/televisi/majalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo144; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l100 level1 lfo144; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang aktif sebagai pengurus perkumpulan/yayasan/institusi
masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l190 level1 lfo145; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l190 level1 lfo145; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya,
sebutkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo146; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="9" width="129"><br /></td>
<td width="203"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="15"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="15"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo146; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo146; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN</div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l74 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>PERUMAHAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jenis
rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bilik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Setengah
tembok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l101 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tembok
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Status
kepemilikan rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sewa
bulanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Milik pribadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kontrakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Atap
rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sirap<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c. Genting</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Seng<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Asbes<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
ventilasi di rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
ya, berapa luasnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><
10% luas lantai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">>
10% luas lantai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
cahaya dapat masuk rumah pada siang hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l176 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l176 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penerangan yang digunakan di dalam atau luar rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lampu
tempel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Petromak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lantai
rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l193 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tanah<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c. Plester</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l193 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Papan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Ubin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bagaimana kondisi kesehatan rumah secara keseluruhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l130 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bersih<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l130 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah di rumah ada vektor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo147; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo147; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila ya,sebutkan
vektornya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l167 level1 lfo148; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lalat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Kecoa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l167 level1 lfo148; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tikus<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Kucing </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l167 level1 lfo148; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Nyamuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>f.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anjing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kelengkapan bagian rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="12" width="58"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
<td width="270"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
<td width="130"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="3"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="143"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="146" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image023.gif" width="2" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="146" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image022.gif" width="2" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="3"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 50.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 175;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 63px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 578px; z-index: 251721728;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.gif" width="578" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 455px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 184px; z-index: 251728896;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image025.gif" width="184" /></span><span style="height: 146px; left: 0px; margin-left: 639px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251736064;"><img height="146" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image022.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 127px; left: 0px; margin-left: 556px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251737088;"><img height="127" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image026.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 146px; left: 0px; margin-left: 94px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251732992;"><img height="146" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image027.gif" width="2" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" width="234"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">BAGIAN
RUMAH</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">TIDAK
ADA</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: black; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ADA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">KOTOR</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">BERSIH</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251729920;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 64px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 578px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image028.gif" width="578" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Halaman
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 67px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 578px; z-index: 251722752;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.gif" width="578" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ruang
tamu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251730944;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 61px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 578px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image029.gif" width="578" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ruang
tidur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251723776;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 61px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 578px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.gif" width="578" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ruang
makan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 578px; z-index: 251724800;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image029.gif" width="578" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dapur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251725824;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 61px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 578px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image029.gif" width="578" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kamar
mandi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 61px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 578px; z-index: 251727872;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image028.gif" width="578" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251726848;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 64px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 578px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image030.gif" width="578" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Toilet
/ WC</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l74 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai tempat pembuangan sampah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya,
terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila tidak, bagaimana pengelolaan tempat sampah rumah
tangga…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l171 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di buang ke kali<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Ditimbun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l171 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Diambil
petugas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d. Dibakar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l74 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>SUMBER AIR</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai sumber air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Jika ya, apa jenis sumber airnya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l140 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sumur
gali<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. PAM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l140 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pompa
listrik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Sumur
pompa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l140 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mata
air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika tidak, dari mana sumber airnya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l194 level1 lfo72; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sumur
tetangga<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Air
sungai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l194 level1 lfo72; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">MCK
umum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.
Empang/Kolam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
air untuk minum diambil dari sumber air tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l150 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l150 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
keadaan fisiknya (harus diobservasi oleh pewawancara, lalu berikan checklist)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="12" width="52"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
<td width="40"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
<td width="503"><br /></td>
<td width="2"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="98"><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="98" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image031.gif" width="2" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="98" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image032.gif" width="2" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><img height="98" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image031.gif" width="2" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 50.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 175;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 52px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 549px; z-index: 251738112;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image033.gif" width="549" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="background: black; height: 19.35pt; mso-pattern: solid black; mso-shading: white; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 378.0pt;" width="504"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">KONDISI
FISIK AIR</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251746304;"><span style="height: 69px; left: 0px; left: 274px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="69" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image034.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251749376;"><span style="height: 69px; left: 0px; left: 345px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="69" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image035.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251747328;"><span style="height: 69px; left: 0px; left: 537px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 2px;"><img height="69" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image035.gif" width="2" /></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251739136;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 52px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 549px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image033.gif" width="549" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
berasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251740160;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 52px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 549px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image036.gif" width="549" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
berbau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berbau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251741184;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 52px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 549px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image036.gif" width="549" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
berwarna</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berwarna</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251742208;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 52px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 549px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image033.gif" width="549" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada pengendapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54.0pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> pengendapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251743232;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 52px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 549px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image036.gif" width="549" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Bagaimana cara pengelolaan air untuk diminum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l188 level1 lfo149; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dimasak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l188 level1 lfo149; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
dimasak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
tempat penampungan air untuk minum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo150; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo150; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
keadaan tempat penampungan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l151 level1 lfo151; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l151 level1 lfo151; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Terbuka
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l151 level1 lfo151; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kadang-kadang
tertutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l74 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>JAMBAN KELUARGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l129 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai WC sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l106 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l106 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l129 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Bila ya, apa jenis jambannya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l142 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Leher
angsa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l142 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Cemplung/jamban</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l142 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Cubluk
/ septic tang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l129 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
kondisinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo77; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">terpelihara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo77; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak
terpelihara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l129 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila tidak, dimana keluarga biasa BAB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l113 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sawah<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Sungai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l113 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Empang atau kolam<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>e.
Sembarang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l113 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Selokan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l129 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berapa jarak tempat penampungan dengan sumber air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><
10 meter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">>
10 meter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading9">
E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KANDANG TERNAK</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l91 level1 lfo157; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai kandang ternak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l126 level1 lfo156; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l126 level1 lfo156; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l91 level1 lfo157; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa
jarak kandang dari rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo158; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><5
m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo158; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">>5
m</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l91 level1 lfo157; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
kebersihan kandangnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l87 level1 lfo159; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Terpelihara
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l87 level1 lfo159; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
terpelihara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l74 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 45.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>SUMBER POLUSI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-list: l184 level1 lfo160; tab-stops: 45.0pt list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
sumber polusi udara disekitar rumah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l137 level1 lfo161; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l137 level1 lfo161; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 66.0pt; mso-list: l184 level1 lfo160; tab-stops: 45.0pt list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Jika ya, apa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sumber polusinya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo162; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Asap
kendaraan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Asap
pabrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 83.25pt; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo162; tab-stops: list 83.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Asap
dapur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Debu
Jalanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>DERAJAT KESEHATAN</div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEJADIAN KESAKITAN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l169 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kejadian
kesakitan saat ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l182 level1 lfo81; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
saat ini ada anggota keluarga yang sedang menderita sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l136 level1 lfo82; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l136 level1 lfo82; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l182 level1 lfo81; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Jika ada, sebutkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jenis penyakitnya…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Diare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DHF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">ISPA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Malnutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">THT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Gastritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Hipertensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 140px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251681792;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lain-lain,
sebutkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt; mso-list: l155 level1 lfo163; tab-stops: list 105.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 139px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251682816;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>PERILAKU KELUARGA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN SAKIT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l161 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
kebiasaan berobat jika ada anggota keluarga yang sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
berobat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Ke
medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ke
dukun<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e.
Obat tradisional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l107 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Beli
obat sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l161 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sehubungan
dengan pertanyaan nomor 1, apabila jawabannya beli obat sendiri, alasannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l175 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Diberi
tahu tetangga atau teman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l175 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sudah
tahu obatnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l175 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Coba-coba</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l161 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sehubungan
dengan pertanyaan nomor 1, apabila ke medis, kemana mencari pertolongan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l112 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mantri kesehatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d.
BP/Rumah Sakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l112 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bidan<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e.
Puskesmas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l112 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dokter
praktik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KEJADIAN CACAT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo87; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang cacat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l118 level1 lfo88; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l118 level1 lfo88; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo87; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ada, cacat apa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo89; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kongenital
( bawaan dari lahir)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo164; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Fisik,
sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l191 level1 lfo173; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 150px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251683840;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l191 level1 lfo173; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 150px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251684864;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo164; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mental,
sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo174; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 148px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251687936;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo174; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l95 level1 lfo174; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="10" width="151"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo89; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Didapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo165; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Fisik,
sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l160 level1 lfo175; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 150px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251688960;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l160 level1 lfo175; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251689984;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l160 level1 lfo175; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251691008;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo165; tab-stops: list 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mental,
sebutkan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l135 level1 lfo176; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 150px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251692032;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l135 level1 lfo176; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251693056;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l135 level1 lfo176; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251694080;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">KEJADIAN KEMATIAN DALAM SATU TAHUN
TERAKHIR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l185 level1 lfo90; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang meninggal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo91; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251697152;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Nama
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo91; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251696128;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Status
dalam keluarga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo91; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 85px; z-index: 251695104;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image037.gif" width="85" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Umur<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo91; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251698176;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kapan
terjadinya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l108 level1 lfo91; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 244px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251699200;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apa
penyebabnya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>MASALAH KESEHATAN SPESIFIK</div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KELUARGA BERENCANA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l141 level1 lfo92; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
Bapak atau Ibu saat ini ber-KB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika
tidak .....alasannya....</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena takut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">karena tidak tahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak, karena alasan medis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak, karena tidak mendapat izin suami</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak, karena alasan agama atau kepercayaan yang dianut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo93; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak,
karena ingin punya anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l141 level1 lfo92; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ya, jenis kontrasepsi apa yang digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l147 level1 lfo94; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Spiral<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Kondom</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l147 level1 lfo94; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Suntik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>f. Sistem
kalender</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l147 level1 lfo94; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pil<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>g.
MOP/MOW (Masektomi/Tubektomi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l147 level1 lfo94; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Susuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l141 level1 lfo92; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
ikut, dimana memperoleh pelayanan KB tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo95; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Puskesmas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Praktik Bidan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo95; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Rumah
Sakit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>f. Mantri
kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo95; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Posyandu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>g.
BKIA atau Pos KB</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l93 level1 lfo95; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Praktik
Dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l141 level1 lfo92; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah Bapak/Ibu selama menggunakan alat kontrasepsi,
merasakan ada keluhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l153 level1 lfo96; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l153 level1 lfo96; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l141 level1 lfo92; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ya, apa keluhannya… </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Perdarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Gemuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Hipertensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Haid
tidak teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berjerawat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Hubungan
sek terganggu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 109px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251701248;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251700224;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; left: 109px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 204px;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="204" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l173 level1 lfo166; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 109px; margin-top: 12px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 204px; z-index: 251702272;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="204" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>KESEHATAN IBU </div>
<h3>
IBU HAMIL</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adakah anggota keluarga yang sedang hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo178; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo178; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
ada, berapa usia kehamilan ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l177 level1 lfo179; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Trimester
I ( ….minggu )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l177 level1 lfo179; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Trimester
II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l177 level1 lfo179; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Trimester
III</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ibu
mengalami kehamilan yang ke berapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l163 level1 lfo180; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pertama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Keempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l163 level1 lfo180; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kedua<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Lebih
dari empat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l163 level1 lfo180; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ketiga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa
kali ibu memeriksakan kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo181; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Satu kali perbulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Empat kali perbulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo181; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dua – tiga kali perbulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d.
Tidak pernah memeriksakan kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
tidak pernah memeriksakan kehamilan, alasan ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo182; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Faktor
ekonomi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.
Dilarang suami</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo182; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sibuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>e.
Tidak tahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo182; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jauh
dari fasilitas kesehatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Keluhan
ibu selama hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l158 level1 lfo183; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Mual<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. kaki bengkak<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>i. keputihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l158 level1 lfo183; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pusing<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>f.
kesemutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>j. kram kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l158 level1 lfo183; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Perdarahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>g. muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l158 level1 lfo183; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sesak
nafas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>h. kejang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah ibu melakukan perawatan payudara selama kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l104 level1 lfo184; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l104 level1 lfo184; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
ibu mendapatkan imunisasi TT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo185; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Lengkap<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Tidak lengkap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo185; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Belum
lengkap<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. Tidak pernah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila tidak pernah, Alasan tidak diimunisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l172 level1 lfo186; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Faktor
ekonomi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.
Dilarang suami</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l172 level1 lfo186; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Sibuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>e.
Tidak tahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-list: l172 level1 lfo186; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jauh
dari fasilitas kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah ibu memperoleh
informasi tentang perawatan kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo187; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Bila ya, darimana ibu memperoleh informasi tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l132 level1 lfo188; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dokter<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c. Bidan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l132 level1 lfo188; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Perawat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Kader
kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apa saja yang ibu ketahui
tentang perawatan kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo189; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Gizi ibu hamil<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d.
Aktivitas dan latihan pada ibu hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo189; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Imunisasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e.
Perawatan payudara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo189; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Frekuensi
pemeriksaan kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Rencana pertolongan
persalinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l159 level1 lfo190; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dokter<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Dukun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l159 level1 lfo190; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bidan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Paraji </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah ibu hamil
mengkonsumsi tablet Fe selama kehamilannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo198; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo198; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l196 level1 lfo177; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika tidak , alasannya
……..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo199; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">malas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo199; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">efek
samping ( mual, pusing )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo199; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">lain-lain
……………..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">IBU
BERSALIN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo191; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Adakah
anggota keluarga yang melahirkan dalam waktu satu tahun terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo193; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo193; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo191; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bila
ada, siapa yang men</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">olong persalinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo194; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dokter<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Dukun </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo194; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bidan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Paraji</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo191; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kapan
ibu melakukan kunjungan ulang (post natal care)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo195; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dua minggu setelah melahirkan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. Bila ada keluhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo195; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kurang dari dua minggu setelah melahirkan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. Belum pernah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo191; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
ibu mendapatkan informasi tentang perawatan tali dari petugas kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo196; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>b.
Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo191; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ya, apa prinsip perawatan tali pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l94 level1 lfo100; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Sesuai dengan cara medis<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b.
Dengan cara tradisional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">IBU
MENYUSUI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo97; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apakah pada
keluarga anda, ada ibu sedang menyusui</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo98; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo97; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
ya, berapa umur anak yang sedang disusui</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l92 level1 lfo99; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">0 – 4 bulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b.
4 bulan – 1 tahun<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
> 1 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo97; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
tidak apa alasannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo192; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> masalah pada puting susu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. Alasan kerja atau tidak ada waktu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo192; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ASI tidak keluar atau keluar sedikit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. Alasan medis atau penyakit yang
diderita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alasan kosmetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>IMUNISASI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
keluarga Bapak/Ibu mempunyai bayi/balita, apakah sudah mendapatkan imunisasi
dasar?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a. Sudah<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b. belum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Jika sudah, imunisasi apa saja yang telah diberikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">BCG<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e.
Hepatitis (1,2,3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>i.
Folio 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DPT
1<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>f.
Polio 1<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>j.
Campak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DPT
2<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>g.
Polio 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l90 level1 lfo102; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DPT
3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>h.
Polio 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
sudah, dimana mendapatkan pelayanan imunisasi tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l186 level1 lfo103; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Puskesmas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.
Posyandu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktik Dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l186 level1 lfo103; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumah Sakit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.
Praktik Bidan/mantri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo101; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jika
belum, alasannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l183 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
tahu mengenai imunisasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Tidak ada waktu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l183 level1 lfo104; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Takut efek samping<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d.
Tidak punya uang</span></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>STATUS GIZI BAYI DAN BALITA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
bayi/balita ibu dan bapak memiliki Kartu Menuju Sehat (KMS)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo106; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>b.
Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Jika ya, apakah ibu mengerti cara membaca KMS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l134 level1 lfo107; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>b.
Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa
kali bayi/balita ibu makan dalam satu hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo108; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"><3
kali<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.
3-6 kali<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. >6
kali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bagaimana
pengadaan bahan makanan dalam satu hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo109; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Membeli<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Memasak
sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Jenis
makanan yang dikonsumsi bayi/balita</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo110; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Makanan
pokok saja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo110; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Makanan pokok dan protein hewani/nabati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo110; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Makanan
pokok, protein hewani/nabati dan sayur/buah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo110; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Semua
lengkap dan susu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo110; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Asi
saja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
bayi/balita ibu mendapat vitamin A setiap 6 bulan sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l139 level1 lfo111; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l98 level1 lfo105; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pemeriksaan
fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l120 level1 lfo112; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 199px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251703296;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">TB
balita<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l120 level1 lfo112; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 200px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 203px; z-index: 251704320;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">BB
balita<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l120 level1 lfo112; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam grafik KMS berat badan bayi/balita ada pada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo113; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Garis
merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo113; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Garis
kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo113; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Garis
hijau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l120 level1 lfo112; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kesimpulan
dari grafik dalam KMS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo114; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Meningkat
setiap bulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo114; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Datar
setiap bulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 102.6pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo114; tab-stops: list 102.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Menurun
setiap bulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DIARE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(KHUSUS BAYI DAN BALITA)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l117 level1 lfo115; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apakah dalam keluarga ada yang menderita diare dalam 1
(satu) tahun terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l145 level1 lfo116; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l117 level1 lfo115; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mengetahui tentang diare dan cara penanggulangannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo117; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l117 level1 lfo115; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Jika ya, penanggulangan pertama yang dilakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo118; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diberi Larutan Gula Garam (LGG)/Oralit<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. ke dokter/bidan/mantrikesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo118; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Dibawa
ke Puskesmas<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e.
Ke dukun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo118; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Membeli
obat di warung<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>f.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Obat tradisional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l117 level1 lfo115; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
keluarga mempunyai kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l144 level1 lfo119; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l117 level1 lfo115; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah anggota keluarga yang sakit suka jajan makanan
sembarangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo120; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN
ATAS (ISPA)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Berapa
kali anggota keluarga mengalami gangguan batuk pilek dalam 1 (satu) tahun
terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l192 level1 lfo124; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">3
– 5 kali<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b.
5 –7 kali<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c. > 7
kali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kapan
batuk pilek muncul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo125; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Saat
pergantian musim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l89 level1 lfo125; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Pada
saau udara dingin<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Pada saat banyak masalah/terlalu lelah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apa
yang dilakukan keluarga di rumah bila anggota keluarga batuk pilek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l198 level1 lfo126; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Beli
obat di warung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l198 level1 lfo126; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberi larutan jeruk nipis dengan kecap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l198 level1 lfo126; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dibawa ke Pelayanan Kesehatan (Yankes)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika dibawa ke Yankes, kemana keluarga mencari
pertolongan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l123 level1 lfo127; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Puskesmas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.
Rumah Sakit<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e.
Posyandu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l123 level1 lfo127; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dokter Praktik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.
BP/Mantri kesehatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>f.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Bidan
Praktik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Kapan
keluarga membawa anggota yang batuk pilek ke tempat Yankes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l178 level1 lfo128; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Segera
setelah ada batuk pilek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l178 level1 lfo128; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila ditangani di rumah tidak ada perubahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l178 level1 lfo128; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bila batuk pilek terlihat makin berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l178 level1 lfo128; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";"> anjuran dari orang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l181 level1 lfo121; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
batuk pilek yang dikeluhkan disertai dengan sesak nafas dan mengeluarkan dahak?
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A. Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>MASALAH OTOT DAN SENDI</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo122; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
ada anggota keluarga yang sering mengalami pegal linu pada seluruh tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l111 level1 lfo129; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Tidak
ada<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Ada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo122; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jika ada, kapan terjadinya serangan…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l187 level1 lfo167; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Musim hujan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>b.
Mandi malam dgn air dingin<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c. Terlalu
lelah/capai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo122; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apa yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi gangguan nyeri pada
otot</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo197; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diurut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo197; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beli obat di warung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo197; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berobat ke pelayanan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l166 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">USIA LANJUT (USILA)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga yang berusia lanjut masih dalam kondisi sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l114 level1 lfo130; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari, anggota keluarga yang berusia lanjut
perlu dibantu ?<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a. Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah ada kunjungan rutin terhadap usila dari Puskesmas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo168; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
usila mengikuti program bagi usila di Puskesmas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo169; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>b.
Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Apakah usila mengikuti kegiatan sosial di masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l157 level1 lfo170; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Ya<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>b. Tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l168 level1 lfo123; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Apakah
anggota keluarga yang berusia lanjut mengidap penyakit degeneratif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l125 level1 lfo131; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">DM
atau Kencing Manis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.
Gangguan jiwa<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l125 level1 lfo131; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Hipertensi /Tekanan Darah Tinggi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. lain-lain, sebutkan …………</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l125 level1 lfo131; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT"; mso-fareast-font-family: "FrnkGothITC Bk BT";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "frnkgothitc bk bt" , "sans-serif";">Demensia
atau pikun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-84559249271453985992013-10-28T03:45:00.005-07:002013-10-28T03:45:57.051-07:00KONSEP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KONSEP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Whaley
dan Wong</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Pertumbuhan</b> sebagai suatu peningkatan jumlah ukuran</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Perkembangan</b>
: menitik beratkan pada perubahan yang terjadi secara bertahap dari tingkat
yang paling rendah ketingkat yang paling tinggi dan komplek melalui proses
maturasi dan pembelajaran</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Marlow</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Pertumbuhan</b> sebagai suatu peningkatan ukuran tubuh yang dapat diukur
dengan meter atau centimeter untuk berat badan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
<span style="font-weight: normal;">sebagai peningkatan keterampilan dan kapasitas anak untuk berfungsi secara
bertahap dan terus menerus.</span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">MENURUT GUSRI WAHYUDI S.KEP<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan
adalah :bertambahnya jumlah dan besarnya sel diseluruh bagian tubuh yang secara
kuantitatif dapat diukur dan mudah diobservasi.</span></span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: sempurnanya fungsi alat tubuh
atau perubahan atau expansiyang bertahap. Dari tahapan yang sederhana ke
tahapan yang lebih kompleks.</span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- terjadi secara terus-menerus.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- merupakan dasar dari semua kehidupan manusia.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- tumbuh fisik dapat dilihat nyata.</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa Tumbang Harus Dipelajari ?</span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">w<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
alat ukur dalam asuhan keperawatan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">w<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <i> </i></span></span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu
untuk mengetahui yang normal dalam rangka mendeteksi deviasi dari normal.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">w<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari
tumbang memberikan petunjuk untuk menilai rata-rata atau perubahan fisik,
intelektualdan emosional yang normal.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">w<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
perkembangan fisik, intelektual, sosial, emosional. Penuntun perawat dalam
mengkaji tingkat fungsional anak dan penyesuaiannya terhadap penyakit dan
dirawat di RS.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bagaimana Pertumbuhan Dapat Diketahui ?</b><br /> - Tumbuh berarti bertambah besar dalam fisik. Pertambahan ini dapat disebabkan oleh peningkatan ukuran masing-masing sel atau kesatuan sel yang membentuk organ tubuh ⇨ Terjadi sepanjang masa anak ⇨ Terjadi pembentukkan jaringan tubuh baru secara terus-menerus. Kecepatan berbeda-beda tergantung usia.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4;">
<span style="font-size: small;">- Pertumbuhan dapat diketahui dengan anthropometrik </span></h2>
¡Timbang berat badan<br /> ¡Ukur tubuh<br /> ¡Ukur lingkaran kepala<br /> ¡Ukur lingkaran dada<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ukur lingkaran lengan </span></span><br />
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Bagaimana Perkembangan Dapat Diketahui ?</span></h1>
¡ Seseorang berkembang dalam pengaturan Neuro Muscular ⇨ dapat terlihat kemampuan/peningkatan keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang kompleks.<br /> ¡ Perkembangan dapat diketahui/dinilai dengan pengamatan :<br />¡ gerakan-gerakan/kecakapan<br /> ¡ Kecerdasan<br /> ¡ Penguasaan bahasa/kesanggupan bicara<br /> ¡ Hubungan sosial<br /> ¡ Tingkat perkembangan bersifat individual.⇨ harus diingat urutan-urutan perkembangan menurut tingkat perkembangan tertentu.<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tumbuh Kembang
:</span></span></b></span></h1>
Faktor herediter :<br /> a. Jenis kelamin<br /> b. Ras<br /> c. Kebangsaan<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">2. Faktor Lingkungan</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">a. Lingkungan Pranatal<br /> b. Pengaruh Budaya<br /> c. Status sosial dan ekonomi keluarga<br /> d. Nutrisi<br /> e. Iklim atau cuaca<br /> f. Olahraga/lat fisik<br /> g. Posisi anak dalam keluarga</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">3. Faktor Internal<br /> a. Kecerdasan<br /> b. Pengaruh hormonal<br /> c. Pengaruh Emosi</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan</span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Periode Prenatal </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">⇨</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> Konsepsi sampai dengan lahir.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periode Infency </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">⇨</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> Lahir sampai dengan 12 bulan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">a. Neonatus<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: lahir sampai dengan 28 hari.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Infancy<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 29 hari sampai dengan 12 bulan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periode Early Childhood </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">⇨</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> 1 tahun sampai dengan 6 tahun.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Toddles<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 1 tahun sampai dengan 3 tahun</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Pra sekolah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4 tahun sampai dengan 6 tahun.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">4.
Periode Middle Childhood </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">⇨</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> Periode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sekolah : 6 tahun sampai dengan 12 tahun.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periode Later Childhood </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">⇨</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"> 12 tahun sampai dengan 18 bulan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">a. Pre pubertas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 12 tahun sampai dengan 18 bulan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Adoleseence<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 13 tahun sampai dengan 18 bulan.</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Perkembangan :</span></span></b></h1>
<br />w Perkembangan Psikososial ⇨ Erik Erikson (1963 ).<br /> w Perkembangan Intelektual ⇨ Piaget.<br /> w Perkembangan Psikosexual ⇨ Sigmum Frend.<br /> 1. Perkembangan Psikososial (Erikson)<br />
<br />• Percaya Vs tidak percaya (0-1 thn)<br /> Penanaman rasa percaya adalah hal yang sangat mendasar pada fase ini. Belaian cinta kasih ibu dalam memberikan perhatian dan memenuhi kebutuhan dasar anak<br /> Anak akan mengembangkan rasa tidak percaya pada orang lain apabila pemenuhan keb dasar tidak terpenuhi<br />
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Otonomi Vs rasa malu dan ragu ( 1-3
tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Perkembangan
otonomi berpusat pada kemampuan anak untuk mengontrol tubuh dan lingkungannya.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Anak
akan meniru perilaku orang lain di sekitarnya</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasa
malu da ragu akan timbul apabila anak di paksa oleh orang tuanya atau orang
dewasa untuk berbuat yang dikenhendakinya.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Inisiatif Vs rasa bersalah (3 samapi
6 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkembangan
Inisiatif diperoleh dengan cara mengkaji lingkungan melalui kemampuan indranya</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perasaan
bersalah akan timbul pada anak apabila anak tidak mampu berprestasi shg mereka
tidak puas.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Industry Vs Inferiority (6-12 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
akan belajar bekerjasama dan bersaing dengan anaka lainnya melalui keg yang
dilakukan baik didalam keg akademik maupun pergaulan</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perasaan
akan rendah diri akan berkembang apabila anak terlalu mendapat tuntutan dari
lingkungannya dan anak tidak berhasil memenuhinya.</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Identitas Vs kerancun peran (12-18
tahun)</span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
remaja akan berusaha untuk menyesuaikan perannya sebagai anak yang sedang
berada pada fase transisi</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ketidakmampuan
dalam mengatasi konflik akan menimbulkan kerancuan peran yang harus dijalankan</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Perkembangan Intelektual (Piaget)</span></span></b></h1>
<br />• Tahap sensorik-motorik (0-2 tahun)<br /> Bayi belajar dan mengembangkan kemampuan sensorik motorik dengan dikondisikan oleh lingkungannya.<br /> • Praoperasional (2 – 7 Tahun)<br /> Pada anak usia 2-3 tahun anak berada diantara sensorik motorik dan praoperasional, yaitu anak mulai menembangkan sebab akibat<br />
Anak prasekolah (3-6 tahun) mempunyai tugas untuk menyiapkan diri memasuki dunia sekolah.<br />
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Concrete opresional (7-11 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anak mampu mengklasifikasi benda dan perintah dan menyelesaikan masalah secara konkret dan sistematis</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">berdasarkan apa yang mereka terima dari lingkungannya.<br /> 4. Formal Operation (11-15 tahun)<br />Kemampuan beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dan kemampuan untuk fleksibel terhadap lingkungan </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Psikoseksual (Freud)</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Fase Oral (0-11 bln)</span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Masa bayi sumber kesenangan anak
terbesar berpusat pada aktivitas oral. Hambatan atau ketidakpuasan dalam
pemenuhan kebutuhan oral akan mempengaruhi fase perkembangan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<i>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Penanaman identitas gender pada bayi
dimulai dengan adanya perlakuan ibu atau ayah yang berbeda.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Fase Anal (1-3 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
senang menahan feses. Toilet training adalah waktu yang tepat dilakukan pada
periode ini.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Fase Falik (3-6 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
mulai mempelajari adanya perbedaan jenis kelamin perempuan dan laki2 dengan
mengetahui adanya perbedaan alat kelamin</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orang
tua harus bijak dalam memberi penjelasan tentang hal ini sesuai dengan
kemampuan perkembangan kognitifnya.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Fase Laten (6 – 12 Tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
menggunakan energi fisik dan psikologis yang merupakan media untuk menekplorasi
pengetahuan dan penagalamnnya melalui aktivitas fisik maupun sosialnya.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertanyaan
anak tentang seks semakin banyak, mengarah pada sistem reproduksi.Orang tua
harus bijaksana dalam merespon.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Fase Genital (12-18 tahun)</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fase
pubertas yaitu dengan adanya proses kematangan organ reproduksi dan produksi
hormon seks.</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tahapan Perkembangan Anak Menurut Umur :</span></span></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usia 0-3 bulan :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mampu menggerakkan kedua tungkai dan
lengan dengan mudah.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Memberi reaksi dengan melihat.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mengeluarkan suara.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Membalas senyuman.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usia 2-6 bulan :</span></span></b></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mengangkat kepala dengan tegag pada
posisi telungkup.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- dapat menggenggam benda yang
disentuhkan pada punggung/ujungjari.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mencari sumber suara yang keras.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-
Membalas senyuman.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Usia 6-9 bulan :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Bila didudukkan, dapat mempertahankan posisi duduk dengan kepala
tegak.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Meraih benda yang menarik.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Tertawa/berteriak bila melihat benda yang menarik.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Takut pada orang lain yang belum dikenal.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Usia 9-12 bulan :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Mampu berdiri dengan berpegangan.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Dapat mengambil benda kecil.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Dapat mengatakan “Papa, Mama”</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Bermain “ciluk ba”.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usia 12-18 bulan :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Berjalan sendiri tanpa jatuh.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Dapat mengambil benda kecil sebesar
biji jagung, dengan ibu jari dan telunjuk.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Dapat mengucapkan keinginan secara
sederhana.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Minum dari gelas sendiri tanpa tumpah.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Usia 18-24 bulan :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Dapat menendang bola.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Mencoret-coret dengan alat tulis.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Menunjuk bagian tubuh dengan benar.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Meniru pekerjaan rumah tangga.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Usia 2-3 tahun :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Berjalan naik turun tangga.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Mampu melepas pakaian sendiri.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Menyebut nama sendiri.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Makan dan minum sendiri.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Usia 3-4 tahun :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Berdiri di atas satu kaki.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Menggambar bentuk lingkaran.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Menyebut nama orang lain.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- BAB dab BAK sendiri pada tempatnya.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Usia 4-5 tahun :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Melompat dengan satu kaki.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Berpakaian sendiri.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Bisa bercerita.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.
Usia 5-6 tahun :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Menangkap bola.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- Mengenal dan mematuhi peraturan
sederhana.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Usia 6-12 tahun :</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Laki-laki lebih aktif dari pada wanita.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Mencari lingkungan yang lebih luas.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>- Belajar di bangku sekolah dan interaksi dengan lingkungan sekolah.</span></span></h2>
12. Usia 12-18 tahun :<br /> - Seluruh system tubuh berkembang dengan sempurna.<br /> - Bersosialisasi dalam kelompok teman sebaya.<br /> - Remaja awal ⇨ orang tua masih berperan penting baik fisik, sosial maupun emosional.<br /> - Pertengahan remaja ⇨ anak berubah jadi mandiri.<br /> - Remaja akhir ⇨ anak memperlihatkan peran mandiri dalam masyarakat/kelompoknya.<br /> Kebutuhan fisik and kebutuhan psikologi<br /> ¡ Kebutuhan fisik tdk terpenuhi ⇨ terganggu kelangsungan hidupnya.<br /> ¡ Kebutuhan psikis tidak terpenuhi⇨Individu tidak akan mendapatkan kepuasan, percaya diri sendiri,hubungan dengan orang lain tidak tebina dengan baik<br /> ¡ Kebuthan fisik dasar :<br /> - perumahan<br /> - makanan<br /> - Pakaian<br /> - Udara segar dan sinar matahari<br /> - Kegiatan dan istirahat<br /> - pencegahan terhadap penyakit dan kecelakaan<br /> - Latihan u/ membina kebiasaan dan ketrampilan yang diperlukan untuk kelangsungan hidupmya<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Kebutuhan psikologis</span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> - kasih sayang dan asuha keperawatan yang continue<br /> - Rasa aman berada dalam lingkungan yang dikenal<br /> - merasa punya identitas, dihormati<br /> - Mendapat kesempatan untuk belajar dari pengalaman<br /> - kesempatan u mandiri</span></span></h2>
PRINSIP-PRINSIP TUMBUH KEMBANG<br /> <br /> • Pertumbuhan adalah proses yang terus menerus yang ditentukan beberapa faktor.<br /> • Semua tumbang manusia mengikuti pola yang sama<br /> • Belajar dapat merupakan salah satu bantuan atau gangguan proses kedewasaan<br /> 4. Perkembangan bagian lain mempunyai kaakteristik sendiri.<br /> 5. Tumbang terjadi dari atas kebawah, dari tengah kebagian samping tubuh<br /> 6. Tumbang semakin bertambah dengan berbagai perbedaan.</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-19933892633067757142013-05-04T20:21:00.002-07:002013-05-04T20:21:36.655-07:00Askep Gagal Ginjal Koronik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b><span style="color: blue;">A. PENGERTIAN</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Gagal Ginjal Kronik</i> (GGK) adalah kemunduran fungsi ginjal yang menyebabkan ketidakmampuan mempertahankan substansi tubuh dibawah kondisi normal (Betz Sowden, 2002 ) Gagal Ginjal Kronik adalah kerusakan yang progresif pada nefron yang mengarah pada timbulnya uremia yang secara perlahan-lahan meningkat ( Rosa M. Sacharin, 1996).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dari kedua pengertian tersebut diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa gagal ginjal kronis adalah adanya kerusakan fungsi ginjal secara progresif sehingga tubuh akan mengalami gangguan karena ginjal tidak mampu mempertahnkan substansi tubuh dalam keadaan nomal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">B. ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Glomerulonefritis</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Pielonefritis</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Nefrosklerosis</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Sindroma Nefrotik</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Tumor Ginjal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">C. PATOFISIOLOGI</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
Ginjal mempunyai kemampuan nyata untuk mengkompensasi kehilangan nefron yang persisten yang terjadi pada gagal ginjal kronik. Jika angka filtrasi glomerolus menurun menjadi 5-20 ml/menit/1,73 m2, kapasitas ini mulai gagal. Hal ini menimbulkan berbagai masalah biokimia berhubungan dengan bahan utama yang ditangani ginjal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ketidakseimbangan natrium dan cairan terjadi karena ketidakmampuan ginjal untuk memekatkan urin. Hiperkalemia terjadi akibat penurunan sekresi kalium. Asidosis metabolik terjadi karena kerusakan reabsorbsi bikarbonat dan produksi ammonia. Demineralisasi tulang dan gangguan pertumbuhan terjadi akibat sekresi hormon paratiroid, peningkatan fosfat plasma (penurunan kalsium serum, asidosis) menyebabkan pelepasan kalsium dan fosfor ke dalam aliran darah dan gangguan penyerapan kalsium usus. Anemia terjadi karena gangguan produksi sel darah merah, penurunan rentang hidup sel darah merah, peningkatan kecenderungan perdarahan (akibat kerusakan fungsi trombosit). Perubahan pertumbuhan berhubungan dengan perubahan nutrisi dan berbagai proses biokimia</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">D. MANIFESTASI KLINIK</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
Meskipun gejala yang dialami anak bervariasi berdasarkan proses penyakit yang berbeda – beda, penyakit paling umum yang berhubungan dengan GGK adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>1. Ketidakseimbangan cairan</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Kelebihan cairan : edema, oliguri, hipertensi, gagal jantung kongestif</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Penipisan volume vaskuler : poliuria, penurunan asupan cairan, dehidrasi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>2. Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Hiperkalemia : gangguan irama jantung, disfungsi miokardial</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Hipernatremia : haus, stupor, takikardia, membran kering, peningkatan refleks tendon profunda, penurunan tingkat kesadaran</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Hipokalemia dan hiperfosfatemia : iritabilitas, depresi, kram otot, parastesia, psikosis, tetani</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. Hipokalemia : penurunan reflek tendon profunda, hipotonia, perubahan EKG</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>3. Ensefalopati dan neuropati uremik</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Gatal gatal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Kram dan kelemahan otot</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Bicara tidak jelas</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. Parastesia telapak tangan dan telapak kaki</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e. Konsentrasi buruk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f. Mengantuk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
g. Tanda tanda peningkatan tekanan intrakranial</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
h. Koma</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
i. Kejang</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>4. Asidosis : takipnea</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>5. Anemia dan disfungsi sel darah</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Pucat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Kelemahan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Perdarahan ( stomatitis, feses berdarah )</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>6. Disfungsi pertumbuhan</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Pertumbuhan tulang yang abnormal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Perkembangan seksual yang terhambat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Malnutrisi dan pelisutan otot</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. Selera makan buruk</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e. Nyeri tulang</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f. Ketidakteraturan menstruasi.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>E. PEMERIKSAAN DIAGNOSTIK</b></div>
</span><i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Tes darah</i></div>
</i><div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">BUN dan kreatinin serum meningkat</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Kalium serum meningkat</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Natrium serum meningkat</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Kalsium serum menurun, fosfor serum meningkat, PH serum dan HCO3 menurun</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Hb, Ht, trombosit menurun</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Asam urat meningkat, kultur darah positif</li>
</ul>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Tes urin</i></div>
</i></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;">Urinalisis</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Elektrolit urin, osmolalitas dan berat jenis</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Urin 24 jam</li>
</ul>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>EKG</i></div>
</i><i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Rontgen dada</i></div>
</i><i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Biopsi Ginjal</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">F. PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Stabilkan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Dukung fungsi kardiovaskuler</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Cegah infeksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Tingkatkan status nutrisi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Kendalikan perdarahan dan anemia</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Lakukan dialisis</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7. Transplantasi ginjal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">G. ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN GGK</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
1. PENGKAJIAN</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Kaji adanya tanda dan gejala kelebihan volume cairan ( edema, kulit tegang dan mengilat, asupan lebih besar daripada keluaran dan berat badan bertambah )</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Kaji adanya tanda dan gejala penurunan curah jantung, kekurangan olume cairan dan pola nafas tak efektif</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Kaji adanya tanda dan gejala masalah masalah kolaboratif potensial berikut ini : syok,infeksi, kelebihn cairan, hipertensi, gagal jantung, edema pulmonal, ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, koma, kejang</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. Kaji adanya tanda dan gejala infeksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e. Kaji pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biopsikososial dan spiritual anak</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f. Kaji tingkat aktivitas dan respon koping anak</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
g. Kaji kemampuan keluarga untuk penatalaksanaan dan melakukan koping terhadap perawatan jangka panjang dan kebutuhan anak mereka.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">2. DIAGNOSA KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Kelebihan volume cairan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Resiko tinggi kekurangan volume cairan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Perubahan pola eliminasi urin</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. Penurunan curah jantung</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e. Pola nafas tidak efektif</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f. Resiko tinggi kerusakan integritas kulit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
g. Resiko tinggi cidera</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
h. Resiko tinggi infeksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
i. Perubahan nutrisi : kurang dari kebutuhan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
j. Resiko tinggi penatalaksanaan program terapeutik tidak efektif</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
k. Resiko tinggi perubahan proses keluarga</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
l. Resiko tinggi perubahan tumbang</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">3. INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>a. Pantau statua cairan dan elektrolit</i></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Catat dengan akurat asupan dan keluaran</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pertahankan pembatasan cairan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau status hidrasi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan diuretik dan pantau respon anak terhadapnya</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan obat obatan untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan elktrolit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan terapi dialisis sesuai instruksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>b. Dukung fungsi kardiovaskuler dan paru</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau adanya kelebihan cairan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau adanya tanda tanda dehidrasi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau adanya perubahan EKG yang berhubungan dengan ketidakseimbangan elktrolit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau tanda tanda vital, termasuk tekanan darah, pemberian antihipertensi sesuai indikasi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan produk darah sesuai instruksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>c. Pertahankan integritas kulit dan cegah terjadinya infeksi</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Mandikan pasien tiap hari dan berikan perawatan mulut dengan sering</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Bantu pasien untuk miring kiri dan kanan sesuai kebutuhan: cegah terjadinya dekubitus</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Lakukan pencegahan perdarahan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Hindari kontak pasien dengan pengunjung infeksius</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pertahankan sterilitas semua jalur jalur invasif dan lakukan pengantian balutan serta perawatan jalur jalur tersebut seperlunya dan tepat waktu</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau adanya tanda tanda infeksi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<i><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>d. Tingkatkan pertumbuhan dan nutrisi klien</i></div>
</i><div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Bantu klien dalam memilih makanan yang disukainya dengan menyarankn diet yang rendah kalium, rendah natrium, rendah fosfor, tinggi kalsium, tinggi protein.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Pantau status pertumbuhan pasien dengan mengkaji kecenderungan pertumbuhan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan makanan enteral atau IV seperlunya</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan vitamin, suplemen kalsium dan pengikat osfat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
§ Berikan dukungn psikososial pada klien dan keluarga.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
</b> <div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Betz Cecily L, Sowden Linda A. (2002). Buku Saku Keperawatan Pediatri. Jakarta : EGC. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sacharin Rosa M. (1996). Prinsip Keperawatan Pediatrik. Alih bahasa : Maulanny R.F. Jakarta : EGC. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Price Sylvia A, Wilson Lorraine McCarty. (1995). Patofisiologi. Jakarta : EGC. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Staf Pengajar Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK UI. (2000). Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Jilid 2. Jakarta : Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK UI </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
……….,The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Chronic renal Failure.Sec.17.Ch222.http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine. html </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nanny.S,(2001).Intisari online.Disiplin Ketat Penderita Gagal Ginjal. www. Indomedia.com/intisari/2001/juni/Terapi_601.htm. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Agha, I.A,(2003). Medical Encyclopedia. Chronic Renal Failure.Departement of medicine, renal division, St. Louis University </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Horne M.M, Swearingen P L,(2000).Keseimbangan Cairan,Elektrolit Dan Asam Basa. Jakarta : EGC </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Wong and whaley. (1996). Clinical Manual of Pediatric Nursing</div>
</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-72824916760546980922013-02-25T01:51:00.002-08:002013-02-25T01:51:23.548-08:00ASHAN KEPERAWATAN ANAK DENGAN ANEMIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoHeading7" style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASHAN KEPERAWATAN ANAK DENGAN ANEMIA</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoHeader" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGERTIAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: list -54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia adalah suatu keadaan dimana kadar
Hb dan atau hitung eritrosit lebih rendah dari normal. Anemia adalah
berkurangnya jumlah eritrosit serta jumlah Hb dalam 1mm<sup>3</sup> darah atau
berkurangnya volume sel yang didapatkan (packed red cells volume) dalam 100 ml
darah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENYEBAB ANEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Anemia dapat dibedakan menurut mekanisme kelainan pembentukan, kerusakan
atau kehilangan sel-sel darah merah serta penyebabnya. Penyebab anemia antara
lain sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia pasca perdarahan : akibat perdarahan massif
seperti kecelakaan, operasi dan persalinan dengan perdarahan atau perdarahan
menahun:cacingan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia defisiensi: kekurangan bahan baku pembuat sel darah. Bisa karena intake
kurang, absorbsi kurang, sintesis kurang, keperluan yang bertambah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia hemolitik: terjadi penghancuran eritrosit yang
berlebihan. Karena faktor intrasel: talasemia, hemoglobinopatie,dll. Sedang
factor ekstrasel: intoksikasi, infeksi –malaria, reaksi hemolitik transfusi
darah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia aplastik disebabkan terhentinya pembuatan sel
darah oleh sumsum tulang (kerusakan sumsum tulang).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TANDA DAN GEJALA</b></div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list -108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda-tanda umum anemia:</span> </h6>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>puca</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tacicardi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bising sistolik anorganik,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bising karotis</span></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list -108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembesaran jantung.</span></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list -63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Manifestasi khusus pada anemia:</div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia aplastik: ptekie, ekimosis,
epistaksis, ulserasi oral, infeksi bakteri, demam, anemis, pucat, lelah,
takikardi.</span></span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia defisiensi: konjungtiva pucat (Hb
6-10 gr/dl), telapak tangan pucat (Hb < 8 gr/dl), iritabilitas, anoreksia,
takikardi, murmur sistolik, letargi, tidur meningkat, kehilangan minat bermain
atau aktivitas bermain. Anak tampak lemas, sering berdebar-debar, lekas lelah,
pucat, sakit kepala, anak tak tampak sakit, tampak pucat pada mukosa bibir, farink,telapak
tangan dan dasar kuku. Jantung agak membesar dan terdengar bising sistolik yang
fungsional.</span></span></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia aplastik : ikterus, hepatosplenomegali.</span></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadar Hb.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kadar Hb <10g/dl. Konsentrasi hemoglobin
eritrosit rata-rata < 32% (normal: 32-37%), leukosit dan trombosit normal, serum
iron merendah, iron binding capacity meningkat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan laborat sederhana untuk masing-masing tipe
anemia :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia defisiensi asam folat : makro/megalositosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia hemolitik : retikulosit meninggi, bilirubin
indirek dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>total naik, urobilinuria.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia aplastik : trombositopeni, granulositopeni,
pansitopenia, sel patologik darah tepi ditemukan pada anemia aplastik karena
keganasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PATHWAYS</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENATALAKSANAAN </b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 225.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia pasca perdarahan: transfusi
darah. Pilihan kedua: plasma ekspander atau plasma substitute. Pada keadaan darurat
bisa diberikan infus IV apa saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 225.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia defisiensi: makanan adekuat, diberikan SF
3x10mg/kg BB/hari. Transfusi darah hanya diberikan pada Hb <5 gr/dl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level6 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 225.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia aplastik: prednison dan testosteron, transfusi
darah, pengobatan infeksi sekunder, makanan dan istirahat.</div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: list -108.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASALAH KEPERAWATAN YANG SERING
MUNCUL</span></b></h6>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Perubahan perfusi jaringan berhubungan dengan berkurangnya komparten seluler yang penting untuk menghantarkan oksigen / zat nutrisi ke sel.</li>
<li>Tidak toleransi terhadap aktivitas berhubungan dengan tidak seimbangnya kebutuhan pemakaian dan suplai oksigen.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan
tubuh berhubungan dengan kurangnya selera makan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: list -153.0pt -9.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINDAKAN KEPERAWATAN</span></b></h6>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: list -126.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perfusi jaringan adekuat</span></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memonitor tanda‑tanda vital, pengisian kapiler,
wama kulit, membran mukosa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Meninggikan posisi kepala di tempat tidur </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memeriksa dan mendokumentasikan adanya rasa
nyeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Observasi adanya keterlambatan respon verbal,
kebingungan, atau gelisah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengobservasi dan mendokumentasikan adanya rasa
dingin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mempertahankan suhu lingkungan agar tetap hangat
sesuai kebutuhan tubuh.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memberikan oksigen sesuai kebutuhan.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<h6 style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo5; tab-stops: list -27.0pt -9.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendukung anak tetap toleran terhadap aktivitas</span></h6>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Menilai kemampuan anak dalam melakukan aktivitas sesuai dengan kondisi fisik dan tugas perkembangan anak.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memonitor tanda‑tanda vital selama dan
setelah melakukan aktivitas, dan mencatat adanya respon fisiologis terhadap
aktivitas (peningkatan denyut jantung peningkatan tekanan darah, atau nafas
cepat).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan informasi kepada pasien atau
keluarga untuk berhenti<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>melakukan
aktivitas jika teladi gejala‑gejala peningkatan denyut jantung, peningkatan tekanan
darah, nafas cepat, pusing atau kelelahan)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikan dukungan kepada anak untuk
melakukan kegiatan sehari hari sesuai dengan kemampuan anak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengajarkan kepada orang tua teknik
memberikan reinforcement terhadap partisipasi anak di rumah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat jadual aktivitas bersama anak
dan keluarga dengan melibatkan tim kesehatan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan dan memberikan rekomendasi
kepada sekolah tentang kemampuan anak dalam melakukan aktivitas, memonitor
kemampuan melakukan aktivitas secara berkala dan menjelaskan kepada orang tua
dan sekolah.</span></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi yang adekuat</span></h6>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengijinkan anak untuk memakan makanan yang dapat
ditoleransi anak, rencanakan untuk memperbaiki kualitas gizi pada saat selera
makan anak meningkat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan makanan yang disertai dengan suplemen nutrisi
untuk meningkatkan kualitas intake nutrisi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengijinkan anak untuk terlibat dalam persiapan dan
pemilihan makanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengevaluasi berat badan anak setiap hari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Betz, Sowden. (2002). <u>Buku Saku Keperawatan
Pediatrik</u>. Edisi 2. Jakarta,
EGC.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Suriadi, Yuliani R. (2001). <u>Asuhan Keperawatan
pada Anak</u>. Edisi I. Jakarta,
CV Sagung Seto.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tucker SM. (1997). <u>Standar Perawatan Pasien</u>.
Edisi V. Jakarta, EGC.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Smeltzer, Bare. (2002). <u>Buku Ajar Keperawatan
Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth. </u>Edisi 8. Jakarta, EGC.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">FKUI. (1985). <u>Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</u>. Volume 1.
Jakarta,
FKUI.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Harlatt, Petit. (1997). <u>Kapita Selekta
Hematologi</u>. Edisi 2. Jakarta,
EGC.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">ACS. (2003). <u>What is Anemia ?</u>. Available
(online) http: // www // yahoo / nurse / leucemia / htm.</li>
</ol>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-18775377521216594862013-02-23T03:17:00.002-08:002013-02-23T03:17:43.284-08:00PRE PLANING GIZI IBU HAMIL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG GIZI IBU HAMIL </b></span></div>
<br />
<b>1. Latar belakang </b><br />
Gizi ibu hamil adalah makanan atau zat-zat gizi yang dibutuhkan oleh seorang ibu yang sedang hamil baik pada trimester I, trimester II, trimester III dan harus cukup jumlah dan mutunya dan harus dipenuhi dari kebutuhan makan sehari-hari sehingga janin yang dikandungnya dapat tumbuh dengan baik serta tidak mengalami gangguan dan masalah. <br />
<br />
Berdasarkan hasil pengumpulan data tanggal 13 juli 2012 kami menemukan beberapa kesehatan yang terdapat pada masyarakat tentang gizi ibu hamil…. Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang gizi ibu hamil. <br />
<br />
Kami sebagai tenaga kesehatan melihat masalah tersebut sebagai suatu kebutuhan yang harus dipenuhi. Untuk itu mencoba memberikan pendidikan kesehatan kepada masyarakat Rw 01 agar dapat menghindari mengtasi keluhan – keluhan yang dialaminya secara mandiri. <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>2. Tujuan </b><br />
Tujuan umum:<br />
a. masyarakat dapat mengetahui memahami dan mengerti tentang Gizi Ibu Hamil <br />
<br />
Tujuan Khusus: <br />
a. Menjelaskan pengertian Gizi ibu hamil <br />
b. Menjelaskan Syarat makanan sehat bagi ibu hamil <br />
c. Menjelaskan Penambahan kebutuhan gizi selama hamil <br />
d. Menjelaskan Dampak kurang gizi ibu selama kehamilan <br />
e. Menyebutkan Anjuran kenaikan berat badan selama kehamilan <br />
f. Menyebutkan Anjuran menu makanan sehari ibu hamil <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>3. Tempat dan waktu </b><br />
Hari, tanggal : Senin 19 juli 2010 <br />
Pukul : 19.00 s/d selesai <br />
Tempat : Rumah pak kad us RW 01 Cariu mulya <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>4. Sasaran </b><br />
Masyarakat di Rw 01 / Rt 1,2,3,17 desa cariu mulya Kec. Telagasari Kab.Karawang <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>5. Metode dan Media </b><br />
a. Metode : Ceramah, tanya jawab, demonstrasi <br />
b. Media : Lap top, infokus, Leaf let <br />
<br />
<b>6. Pengorganisasian </b><br />
Penanggung jawab masyarakat : Bp. Wanda (kepala dusun) <br />
Penanggung jawab mahasiswa : Ns. Abdul Gowi, S.Kep <br />
Yulis Erlina Wati, S.Kep <br />
Penyaji : Gusri Wahyudi<br />
Moderator : Irfan Suhendar <br />
Fasilitator : Yudi Septiawan, Sukmaya Inggit A <br />
Observer : Yana Nugraha <br />
<br />
<b>7. Evaluasi </b><br />
a. Evaluasi Struktur <br />
<br />
1. Persiapan satpel <br />
2. Persiapan leaf let <br />
3. Leptop dan infokus <br />
4. Melakukan kontrak waktu untuk mengalokasikan dan mengefektifkan berlangsungnya kegiatan <br />
<br />
b. Evaluasi Proses <br />
1. Masyarakat dapat bekerjasama <br />
2. Mengerti maksud dan tujuan pendidikan kesehatan <br />
3. Masyarakat kooperatif dengan kegiatan diskusi <br />
4. Dapat menunjukan minat terhadap kegiatan <br />
<br />
c. Evaluasi Hasil <br />
1. Masyarakat mengetahui dan mengerti tentang pengertian gizi bagi ibu hamil <br />
2. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan syarat makanan sehat bagi ibu hamil <br />
3. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan penambahan kebutuhan gizi ibu selama hamil <br />
4. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang dampak kurang gizi selama kehamilan <br />
5. Masyarakat dapat menyebutkan kembali anjuran kenaikan berat badan selama kehamilan <br />
6. Masyarakat dapat menyebutkan kembali anjuran menu makanan sehari ibu hamil <br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>MATERI GIZI BAGI BALITA </b></span></div>
<b>Pengertian </b><br />
Gizi ibu hamil adalah makanan atau zat-zat gizi (baik makro dan mikro) yang dibutuhkan oleh seorang ibu yang sedang hamil baik pada trimester I, trimester II, dan trimester III dan harus cukup jumlah dan mutunya dan harus dipenuhi dari kebutuhan makan sehari-hari sehingga janin yang dikandungnya dapat tumbuh dengan baik serta tidak mengalami gangguan dan masalah. <br />
<br />
<b>Syarat makanan sehat bagi ibu hamil </b><br />
• Menyediakan energi yang cukup (kalori) untuk kebutuhan kesehatan tubuh anda dan pertumbuhan bayi <br />
• Menyediakan semua kebutuhan ibu dan bayi (meliputi protein, lemak, vitamin, mineral) <br />
• Dapat menghindarkan pengaruh negatif bagi bayi <br />
• Mendukung metabolisme tubuh ibu dalam memelihara berat badan sehat, kadar gula darah, dan tekanan darah.<br />
<br />
Penambahan kebutuhan gizi selama hamil antara lain meliputi: <br />
<br />
• Kalori. <br />
Banyaknya kalori yang dibutuhkan hingga melahirkan sekitar 80.000 Kkal atau membutuhkan tambahan 300 Kkal sehari. Menurut Widyakarya Nasional Pangan dan Gizi VI 2004 tambahan kalori yang dibutuhkan sekitar 300 Kkal per hari <br />
<br />
• Protein. <br />
Kebutuhan protein bagi wanita hamil adalah sekitar 60 gram. Protein tersebut dibutuhkan untuk membentuk jaringan baru, maupun plasenta dan janin. Protein juga dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi sel. <br />
<br />
• Lemak. <br />
<br />
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin selama dalam kandungan membutuhkan lemak sebagai sumber kalori utama <br />
<br />
• Karbohidrat. <br />
Karbohidrat merupakan sumber utama untuk tambahan kalori yang dibutuhkan selama kehamilan. <br />
<br />
• Vitamin <br />
Kebutuhan vitamin A dan C juga meningkat selama hamil. Begitu juga kebutuhan mineral, terutama magnesium dan zat besi. Magnesium dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dari jaringan lunak. <br />
<br />
• Mineral. <br />
<br />
Dampak kurang gizi <br />
• Kekurangan asupan gizi pada trimester I dikaitkan dengan tingginya kejadian bayi lahir prematur, kematian janin, dan kelainan pada sistem saraf pusat bayi. Sedangkan kekurangan energi terjadi pada trimester II <br />
• dan III dapat menghambat pertumbuhan janin atau tak berkembang sesuai usia kehamilannya. <br />
<br />
Anjuran khusus <br />
• Ibu hamil sebaiknya mengonsumsi sedikitnya dua gelas susu sehari atau kalau tidak, santaplah hasil produksi ternak lainnya. <br />
• Bagi ibu hamil sebenarnya tidak ada makanan yang benar-benar harus dihindari, kecuali alkohol. Namun bila ibu mengalami keluhan mual-muntah, maka ia tidak dianjurkan untuk mengonsumsi makanan yang dapat merangsang keluhan mual-muntahnya <br />
<br />
Pantau kenaikan berat badan <br />
Pada trimester I biasanya ibu hamil akan mengalami penyesuaian terhadap perubahan fungsional dalam tubuhnya akibat proses kehamilan. Di antaranya keluhan mual-muntah dan rasa tidak nyaman lainnya. Dengan demikian, asupan makanan selama trimester ini belum dapat menaikkan BB ibu hamil. Normalnya, pada trimester I berat badan diharapkan naik kurang dari 2 kilogram. Sedangkan pada trimester II dan III sebaiknya kenaikan BB kurang dari 1/2 kg setiap minggunya. <br />
<br />
Menu sehari ibu hamil <br />
Menu makanan untuk ibu hamil pada dasarnya tidak banyak berbeda dari menu sebelum hamil </div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-75741728580439269872013-02-15T05:25:00.001-08:002013-02-17T15:43:13.038-08:00PRE PLANNING DIARE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://gusri-wahyudi.blogspot.com/2013/02/pre-planning-diare.html" target="_blank"><o:p> </o:p><b style="text-align: center;">PRE PLANNING</b></a></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://gusri-wahyudi.blogspot.com/2013/02/pre-planning-diare.html" target="_blank"><b>PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG DIARE</b></a></h2>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Latar belakang</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Diare merupakan suatu keadaan dengan ditandai buang air besar dengan frekuensi > 5 kali sehari yang dapat bercampur air, lendir ataupun darah.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Tujuan</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tujuan umum: masyarakat dapat mengetahui memahami dan mengerti tentang penyakit Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tujuan Khusus:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dengan diadakannya penyuluhan diharapkan warga mampu :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a. menjelaskan pengertian dari Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. menyebutkan penyebab dari Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. menyebutkan tanda dan gejala dari Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
d. menyebutkan akibat dari Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e. menyebutkan cara penularan Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
f. menyebutkan cara pencegahan Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
g. menyebutkan cara perawatan dari Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
h. menyebutkan cara pengobatan pada Diare</div>
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><b style="text-align: center;">3. Tempat dan waktu</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hari, tanggal :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pukul : s/d selesai</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tempat :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Sasaran</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Masyarakat di Rw 01 / Rt 1,2,3,17 desa cariu mulya Kec. Telagasari Kab.Karawang</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Metode dan Media</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Metode : Ceramah, tanya jawab, demonstrasi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Media : Laptop, infokus, Leaflet</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>6. Pengorganisasian</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Penanggung jawab masyarakat : Bp. Wanda (kepala dusun)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Penanggung jawab mahasiswa : Ns. Abdul Gowi, S.Kep</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Yulis Erlina Wati, S.Kep</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Penyaji : Gusri Wahyudi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Moderator : Ruli Ruhaeli</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Fasilitator : Yudi Septiawan, Sukmaya Inggit A</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Observer : Neni Meilani</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>7. Evaluasi</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Evaluasi Struktur</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Persiapan satpel</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Persiapan leaflet</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Laptop dan infokus</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Melakukan kontrak waktu untuk mengalokasikan dan mengefektifkan berlangsungnya kegiatan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Evaluasi Proses</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Masyarakat dapat bekerjasama</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Mengerti maksud dan tujuan pendidikan kesehatan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Masyarakat kooperatif dengan kegiatan diskusi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Dapat menunjukan minat terhadap kegiatan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Evaluasi Hasil</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan memahami tentang pengertian dari Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan penyebab dari Diare?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan tanda dan gejala dari Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan akibat dari Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan memahami cara penularan Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan cara pencegahan Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan cara perawatan dari Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
8. Masyarakat dapat mengerti dan menyebutkan cara pengobatan pada Diare ?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Pengertian Diare</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Diare merupakan suatu keadaan dengan ditandai buang air besar dengan frekuensi > 5 kali sehari yang dapat bercampur air, lendir ataupun darah.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Penyebab Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Peradangan usus oleh kuman</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Kekurangan makanan dan minuman</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Kekurangan gizi yang berasal dari hewani</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Tidak tahan terhadap makanan tertentu, misalnya anak tidak tahan terhadap susu yang banyak mengandung lemak, dll.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Tanda dan Gejala Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Berak terus menerus > 5 kali</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
· Badan lemas</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Akibat Diare</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Akibat dari diare yang berkelanjutan akan menjadi kekurangan cairan tubuh dan garam-garam yang sangat diperlukan tubuh. Makin lama seseorang menderita, semakin banyak dan cepat pula tubuhnya kehilangan cairan. Akibat kekurangan cairan terus menerus tersebut akan menimbulkan kematian.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Cara penularan Diare</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ü Melalui tinja yang mengandung kuman penyebab diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ü Tinja yang dikeluarkan oleh orang sakit atau pembawa kuman yang buang air besar disembarang tempat.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ü Tinja tersebut mencemari lingkungan, misalnya tanah sungai dan air sumur.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ü Orang yang sehat menggunakan sumber air untuk kegiatan sehari-hari yang tercemar kuman diare.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Cara Pencegahan Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Sumber air minum yang bersih</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Biasakan makan/ minum makanan atau minuman yang sudah masak</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Cuci tangan sebelum dan sesudah makan</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Tidak buang air besar di sembarang tempat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Budayakan seseorang untuk hidup bersih</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Makan makanan yang bersih dan bergizi</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ø Menjaga lingkungan agar tetap sehat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>7. Cara Perawatan Diare</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dibedakan menurut tingkat dehidrasinya, yaitu :</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
- untuk dehidrasi ringan atau sedang diberi oralit atau larutan gula garam</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
- untuk dehidrasi berat agar segera dirujuk ke puskesmas atau rumah sakit terdekat</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
8. Cara Pengobatan Tradisional Diare</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" /> Oralit</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Satu bungkus serbuk oralit dimasukan kedalam satu gelas air matang (±200cc) dan aduk sampai merata, lalu diminum.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<img src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" /> Larutan Gula Garam</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gula sebanyak 1 sendok makan ditambah 1/4 sendok teh garam dimasukan kedalam satu gelas air matang (±200 cc). Diaduk hingga merata kemudian diminum.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sumber</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Baughman, diane C. ( 2000 ). Keperawatan Medikal Bedah : Buku Saku untuk Brunner dan suddarth ; alih bahasa, Yasmin Asih. Jakarta : EGC</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Smeltzer, Suzanne C. ( 2001 ). Buku Ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth ; alih bahasa, Agung Waluyo. Jakarta : EGC</div>
</div>
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SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-22553351814724525532013-02-14T07:33:00.001-08:002013-02-14T07:33:16.656-08:00ASKEP ANAK DENGAN NEFROTIC SINDROME<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoTitle">
NEFROTIC SINDROME</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nefrotic
syndrome merupakan keadaan klinis yang ditandai dengan proteinuria,
hipoalbuminemia, hiperkolesterolemia, dan adanya edema. Kadang-kadang disertai
hematuri, hipertensi dan menurunnya kecepatan filtrasi glomerulus. Sebab pasti
belum jelas, dianggap sebagai suatu penyakit autoimun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Secara umum etiologi dibagi menjadi nefrotic syndrome
bawaan, sekunder, idiopatik dan sklerosis glomerulus. Penyakit ini biasanya
timbul pada 2/100000 anak setiap tahun. Primer terjadi pada anak pra sekolah
dan anak laki-laki lebih banyak daripada anak perempuan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peran perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan sangat
penting karena pada pasien nefrotic syndrome sering timbul berbagai masalah
yang berkaitan dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia. Perawat diharapkan memiliki
pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang memadai. Fokus asuhan keperawatan adalah
mengidentifikasi masalah yang timbul, merumuskan diagnosa keperawatan, membuat
rencana keperawatan, melaksanakan dan mengevaluasi tindakan yang telah
diberikan apakah sudah diatasi atau belum atau perlu modifikasi.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Konsep
Nefrotik Syndrome (NS)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengertian.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
NS adalah
penyakit dengan gejala edema, proteinuria, hipoalbunemia dan
hiperkolesterolemia (Rusepno, H, dkk. 2000, 832).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Etiologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Sebab pasti
belum jelas. Saat ini dianggap sebagai suatu penyakit autoimun. Secara umum
etiologi dibagi menjadi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome bawaan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Gejala khas adalah edema pada
masa neonatus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome sekunder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Penyebabnya adalah malaria, lupus
eritematous diseminata, GNA dan GNK, bahan kimia dan amiloidosis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome idiopatik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sklerosis glomerulus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Patofisiologi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Adanya peningkatan permiabilitas glomerulus mengakibatkan
proteinuria masif sehingga terjadi hipoproteinemia. Akibatnya tekanan onkotik
plasma menurun karean adanya pergeseran cairan dari intravaskuler ke
intestisial.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Volume plasma, curah jantung dan kecepatan filtrasi
glomerulus berkurang mengakibatkan retensi natrium. Kadar albumin plasma yang
sudah merangsang sintesa protein di hati, disertai peningkatan sintesa lipid,
lipoprotein dan trigliserida.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gejala klinis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Edema, sembab pada kelopak mata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rentan terhadap infeksi sekunder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hematuria, azotemeia, hipertensi ringan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadang-kadang sesak karena ascites</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Produksi urine berkurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan Laboratorium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>BJ urine meninggi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hipoalbuminemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadar urine normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anemia defisiensi besi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>LED meninggi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kalsium dalam darah sering merendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadang-kdang glukosuria tanpa hiperglikemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penatalaksanaan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Istirahat sampai edema sedikit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Protein tinggi 3 – 4 gram/kg BB/hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Diuretikum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kortikosteroid</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Antibiotika</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Punksi ascites</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Digitalis bila ada gagal jantung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Konsep
Asuhan Keperawatan pada Nefrotic Syndrome</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Identitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Umumnya 90 % dijumpai pada kasus
anak. Enam (6) kasus pertahun setiap 100.000 anak terjadi pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>usia kurang dari 14 tahun. Rasio laki-laki
dan perempuan yaitu 2 : 1. Pada daerah endemik malaria banyak mengalami komplikasi
nefrotic syndrome.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat Kesehatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Keluhan utama. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Badan bengkak, muka sembab dan
napsu makan menurun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat penyakit dahulu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Edema masa neonatus, malaria,
riwayat GNA dan GNK, terpapar bahan kimia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat penyakit sekarang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Badan bengkak, muka sembab, muntah, napsu makan menurun, konstipasi,
diare, urine menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat kesehatan keluarga.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Karena kelainan gen autosom
resesif. Kelainan ini tidak dapat ditangani dengan terapi biasa dan bayi
biasanya mati pada tahun pertama atau dua tahun setelah kelahiran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat kehamilan dan persalinan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tidak ada hubungan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat kesehatan lingkungan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Endemik malaria sering terjadi
kasus NS. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Imunisasi. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tidak ada hubungan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Berat badan = umur (tahun) X 2 +
8</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tinggi badan = 2 kali tinggi
badan lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perkembangan psikoseksual : anak berada pada fase
oedipal/falik dengan ciri meraba-raba dan merasakan kenikmatan dari beberapa
daerah erogennya, senang bermain dengan anak berjenis kelamin beda, oedipus
kompleks untuk anak laki-laki lebih dekat dengan ibu, elektra kompleks untuk
anak perempuan lebih dekat dengan ayah. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perkembangan psikososial : anak berada pada fase pre school
(inisiative vs rasa bersalah) yaitu memiliki inisiatif untuk belajar mencari
pengalaman baru. Jika usahanya diomeli atau dicela anak akan merasa bersalah
dan menjadi anak peragu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perkembangan kognitif : masuk tahap pre operasional yaitu
mulai mempresentasekan dunia dengan bahasa, bermain dan meniru, menggunakan
alat-alat sederhana.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perkembangan fisik dan mental : melompat, menari, menggambar
orang dengan kepala, lengan dan badan, segiempat, segitiga, menghitung
jari-jarinya, menyebut hari dalam seminggu, protes bila dilarang, mengenal
empat warna, membedakan besar dan kecil, meniru aktivitas orang dewasa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Respon hospitalisasi : sedih, perasaan berduka, gangguan
tidur, kecemasan, keterbatasan dalam bermain, rewel, gelisah, regresi, perasaan
berpisah dari orang tua, teman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat nutrisi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Usia pre school nutrisi seperti
makanan yang dihidangkan dalam keluarga. Status gizinya adalah dihitung dengan
rumus (BB terukur dibagi BB standar) X 100 %, dengan interpretasi : < 60 %
(gizi buruk), < 30 % (gizi sedang) dan > 80 % (gizi baik).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian persistem.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem pernapasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frekuensi pernapasan 15 – 32 X/menit, rata-rata 18 X/menit,
efusi pleura karena distensi abdomen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem kardiovaskuler.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Nadi 70 – 110 X/mnt, tekanan
darah 95/65 – 100/60 mmHg, hipertensi ringan bisa dijumpai. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem persarafan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Dalam batas normal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem perkemihan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Urine/24 jam
600-700 ml, hematuri, proteinuria, oliguri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem pencernaan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Diare, napsu makan menurun,
anoreksia, hepatomegali, nyeri daerah perut, malnutrisi berat, hernia
umbilikalis, prolaps anii.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem muskuloskeletal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Dalam batas
normal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem integumen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Edema periorbital, ascites.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem endokrin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Dalam batas normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem reproduksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Dalam batas
normal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Persepsi orang tua</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Kecemasan orang tua terhadap
kondisi anaknya.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Diagnosa dan Rencana Keperawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelebihan volume cairan berhubungan dengan kehilangan
protein sekunder terhadap peningkatan permiabilitas glomerulus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tujuan volume cairan tubuh akan
seimbang dengan kriteria hasil penurunan edema, ascites, kadar protein darah
meningkat, output urine adekuat 600 – 700 ml/hari, tekanan darah dan nadi dalam
batas normal.</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Intervensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Rasional</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Catat
intake dan output secara akurat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kaji
dan catat tekanan darah, pembesaran abdomen, BJ urine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Timbang
berat badan tiap hari dalam skala yang sama</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Berikan
cairan secara hati-hati dan diet rendah garam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Diet
protein 1-2 gr/kg BB/hari.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
Evaluasi harian keberhasilan terapi dan dasar penentuan
tindakan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Tekanan darah dan BJ urine dapat menjadi indikator
regimen terapi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Estimasi penurunan edema tubuh</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Mencegah edema bertambah berat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Pembatasan protein bertujuan untuk meringankan beban
kerja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hepar dan mencegah bertamabah
rusaknya hemdinamik ginjal.</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan nutrisi ruang dari kebutuhan berhubungan
dengan malnutrisi sekunder terhadap kehilangan protein dan penurunan napsu
makan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tujuan kebutuhan nutrisi akan
terpenuhi dengan kriteria hasil napsu makan baik, tidak terjadi
hipoprtoeinemia, porsi makan yang dihidangkan dihabiskan, edema dan ascites
tidak ada.</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Intervensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Rasional</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Catat
intake dan output makanan secara akurat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kaji
adanya anoreksia, hipoproteinemia, diare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pastikan
anak mendapat makanan dengan diet yang cukup</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
Monitoring asupan nutrisi bagi tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gangguan nuirisi dapat terjadi secara perlahan. Diare
sebagai reaksi edema intestinal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Mencegah status nutrisi menjadi lebih buruk</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan imunitas tubuh
yang menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tujuan tidak terjadi infeksi
dengan kriteria hasil tanda-tanda infeksi tidak ada, tanda vital dalam batas
normal, ada perubahan perilaku keluarga dalam melakukan perawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Intervensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Rasional</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Lindungi
anak dari orang-orang yang terkena infeksi melalui pembatasan pengunjung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tempatkan
anak di ruangan non infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Cuci
tangan sebelum dan sesudah tindakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Lakukan
tindakan invasif secara aseptik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
Meminimalkan masuknya organisme</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mencegah terjadinya infeksi nosokomial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mencegah terjadinya infeksi nosokomial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Membatasi masuknya bakteri ke dalam tubuh. Deteksi dini
adanya infeksi dapat mencegah sepsis.</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level7 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kecemasan anak berhubungan dengan lingkungan perawatan
yang asing (dampak hospitalisasi).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Tujuan kecemasan anak menurun
atau hilang dengan kriteria hasil kooperatif pada tindakan keperawatan, komunikatif
pada perawat, secara verbal mengatakan tidak takur.</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Intervensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Rasional</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 236.85pt;" valign="top" width="316"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Validasi
perasaan takut atau cemas </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pertahankan
kontak dengan klien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Upayakan
ada keluarga yang menunggu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l1 level8 lfo1; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Anjurkan
orang tua untuk membawakan mainan atau foto keluarga.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.15pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
Perasaan adalah nyata dan membantu pasien untuk tebuka
sehingga dapat menghadapinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Memantapkan hubungan, meningkatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ekspresi perasaan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Dukungan yang terus menerus mengurangi ketakutan atau
kecemasan yang dihadapi. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Meminimalkan dampak hospitalisasi terpisah dari anggota
keluarga.</i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section6">
<div class="MsoTitle">
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Berhman &
Kliegman (1987), <i>Essentials of Pediatrics,</i> W. B Saunders, Philadelphia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Doengoes et.
al, (1999), <i>Rencana Asuhan Keperawatan,</i> alih bahasa Made Kariasa, EGC, Jakarta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Matondang,
dkk. (2000), <i>Diagnosis Fisis Pada Anak,</i> Sagung Seto, Jakarta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Ngastiyah,
(1997), <i>Perawatan Anak Sakit,</i> EGC, Jakarta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Rusepno,
Hasan, dkk. (2000), <i>Ilmu Kesehaatan Anak 2</i>, Infomedica, Jakarta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Tjokronegoro
& Hendra Utama, (1993), <i>Buku Ajar Nefrologi</i>, Balai Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
-------,
(1994),<i> Pedoman Diagnosis dan Terapi,</i> RSUD Dr. Soetomo-Lab/UPF IKA, Surabaya.</div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section7">
<div class="MsoTitle">
BAB 2</div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
TINJAUAN TEORI </div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Konsep
Nefrotik Syndrome (NS)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengertian.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Etiologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome bawaan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome sekunder</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nefrotic syndrome idiopatik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sklerosis glomerulus.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Patofisiologi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 78px; left: 0px; left: 23px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 366px;"><img height="78" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="366" /></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b>Konsep
Asuhan Keperawatan pada Nefrotic Syndrome</b></div>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Pengkajian</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Diagnosa
dan Rencana Keperawatan.</li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Kelebihan
volume cairan berhubungan dengan kehilangan protein sekunder terhadap
peningkatan permiabilitas glomerulus.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Perubahan
nutrisi ruang dari kebutuhan berhubungan dengan malnutrisi sekunder
terhadap kehilangan protein dan penurunan napsu makan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Resiko
tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan imunitas tubuh yang menurun.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;">Kecemasan
anak berhubungan dengan lingkungan perawatan yang asing (dampak
hospitalisasi).</li>
</ol>
</ol>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-45757520152779861782013-02-14T07:29:00.005-08:002013-02-14T07:29:48.903-08:00ASKEP ANAK DENGAN ENCEPHALITIS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">ASKEP
ANAK DENGAN ENCEPHALITIS </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pengertian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ensefalitis
adalah infeksi yang mengenai CNS yang disebabkan oleh virus atau mikro
organisme lain yang non purulent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Patogenesis
Ensefalitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
Virus masuk tubuh pasien melalui kulit,saluran nafas dan
saluran cerna.setelah masuk ke dalam tubuh,virus akan menyebar ke seluruh tubuh
dengan beberapa cara:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.85pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.85pt left 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Setempat:virus
alirannya terbatas menginfeksi selaput lendir permukaan atau organ tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.85pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.85pt left 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Penyebaran
hematogen primer:virus masuk ke dalam darah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kemudian menyebar ke organ dan berkembang biak di organ
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.85pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.85pt left 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Penyebaran
melalui saraf-saraf : virus berkembang biak di </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Permukaan selaput lendir dan menyebar melalui sistem saraf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Masa Prodromal berlangsung 1-4 hari ditandai dengan demam,
sakit kepala, pusing, muntah, nyeri tenggorokan, malaise, nyeri ekstremintas
dan pucat .</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gejala lain berupa gelisah, iritabel, perubahan perilaku,
gamgguan kesadaran, kejang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kadang-kadang disertai tanda Neurologis tokal berupa
Afasia, Hemifaresis, Hemiplegia, Ataksia, Paralisis syaraf otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt 117.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Penyebab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ensefalitis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Penyebab terbanyak<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
adalah virus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sering<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
- Herpes simplex </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 153.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Arbo virus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Jarang<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:
- Entero virus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 153.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Mumps</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 153.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Adeno virus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 108.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Post Infeksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: - Measles</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 153.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Influenza</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Varisella<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Post Vaksinasi : - Pertusis</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ensefalitis
supuratif akut :</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Bakteri
penyebab Esenfalitis adalah : Staphylococcusaureus, Streptokok, E.Coli,
Mycobacterium dan T. Pallidum.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ensefalitis
virus:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Virus
yang menimbulkan adalah virus R N A (Virus Parotitis) virus morbili,virus
rabies,virus rubella,virus denque,virus polio,cockscakie A,B,Herpes
Zoster,varisela,Herpes simpleks,variola.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gejala-Gejala
yang mungkin terjadi pada Ensefalitis :</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Panas
badan meningkat ,photo fobi,sakit kepala ,muntah-muntah lethargy ,kadang
disertai kaku kuduk apabila infeksi mengenai meningen.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Anak
tampak gelisah kadang disertai perubahan tingkah laku. Dapat disertai gangguan
penglihatan ,pendengaran ,bicara dan kejang.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PENGKAJIAN</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Identitas</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ensefalitis dapat terjadi
pada semua kelompok umur.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Keluhan
utama</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Panas badan meningkat, kejang,
kesadaran menurun.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Riwayat
penyakit sekarang</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Mula-mula anak rewel
,gelisah ,muntah-muntah ,panas badan meningkat kurang lebih 1-4 hari , sakit
kepala.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Riwayat
penyakit dahulu </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Klien sebelumnya menderita
batuk , pilek kurang lebih 1-4 hari, pernah menderita penyakit Herpes, penyakit
infeksi pada hidung,telinga dan tenggorokan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Riwayat
Kesehatan Keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Keluarga ada yang menderita
penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus contoh : Herpes dll. Bakteri contoh :
Staphylococcus Aureus,Streptococcus , E , Coli, dll.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Imunisasi
</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kapan terakhir diberi
imunisasi DTP</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Karena ensefalitis dapat
terjadi post imunisasi pertusis.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pertumbuhan
dan Perkembangan </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">POLA-POLA
FUNGSI KESEHATAN</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola persepsi dan tata
laksana hidup sehat</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kebiasaan</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">sumber air yang dipergunakan
dari PAM atau sumur ,kebiasaan buang air besar di WC,lingkungan penduduk yang
berdesakan (daerah kumuh)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Status Ekonomi</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Biasanya menyerang klien
dengan status ekonomi rendah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Nutrisi dan Metabolisme</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Menyepelekan anak yang sakit
,tanpa pengobatan yang semPemenuhan Nutrisi</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Biasanya klien dengan gizi
kurang asupan makana dan cairan dalam jumlah kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh.,</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pada pasien dengan
Ensefalitis biasanya ditandai </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dengan adanya mual, muntah,
kepalah pusing, kelelahan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Status Gizi yang berhubungan
dengan keadaan tubuh.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Postur tubuh biasanya kurus
,rambut merah karena kekurangan vitamin A, berat badan kurang dari normal.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Menurutrumus dari BEHARMAN
tahun 1992, umur 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai 6 tahun </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Umur (dalam tahun) x 2 + 8</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tinggi badan menurut
BEHARMAN umur 4 sampai 2 x tinggi badan lahir. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Perkembangan badan biasanya
kurang karena asupan makanan yang bergizi kurang.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pengetahuan tentang
nutrisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya pada orang tua anak
yang kurang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengetahuan tentang nutrisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: -.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Yang dikatakan gizi kurang
bila berat badan kurang dari 70% berat badan normal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Eliminasi</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kebiasaan Defekasi
sehari-hari</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Biasanya pada pasien
Ensefalitis karena pasien tidak dapat melakukan mobilisasi maka dapat terjadi
obstipasi.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kebiasaan Miksi sehari-hari</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Biasanya pada pasien
Ensefalitis kebiasaan mictie normal frekuensi normal.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Jika kebutuhan cairan
terpenuhi.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Jika terjadi gangguan
kebutuhan cairan maka produksi irine akan menurun, konsentrasi urine pekat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola tidur dan istirahat</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Biasanya pola tidur dan istirahat pada pasien Ensefalitis
biasanya tidak dapat dievaluasi karena pasien sering mengalami apatis sampai
koma.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -.35pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Aktivitas</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aktivitas sehari-hari : klien biasanya
terjadi gangguan karena bx Ensefalitis dengan gizi buruk mengalami kelemahan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kebutuhan gerak dan latihan : bila terjadi
kelemahan maka latihan gerak dilakukan latihan positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: -.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Upaya pergerakan sendi :
bila terjadi atropi otot pada px gizi buruk maka dilakukan latihan pasif sesuai
ROM </span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kekuatan otot berkurang
karena px Ensefalitisdengan gizi buruk .</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kesulitan yang dihadapi bila
terjadi komplikasi ke jantung ,ginjal ,mudah terkena infeksi ane</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">berat,aktifitas togosit
turun ,Hb turun ,punurunan kadar albumin serum, gangguan pertumbuhan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Hubungan Dengan Peran</span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Interaksi dengan keluarga / orang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya pada klien dengan Ensefalitis kurang
karena kesadaran klien menurun mulai dari apatis sampai koma.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Persepsi dan pola diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pada klien Ensenfalitis umur > 4 ,pada persepsi dan
konsep diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Yang meliputi Body Image
,seef Esteem ,identitas deffusion deper somalisasi belum bisa menunjukkan
perubahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola sensori dan kuanitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sensori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Daya
penciuman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Daya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Daya
raba</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Daya
penglihatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Daya
pendengaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kognitif :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola Reproduksi Seksual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Bila anak laki-laki apakah testis sudah turun ,fimosis
tidak ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola penanggulangan Stress</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pada pasien Ensefalitis karena terjadi gangguan
kesadaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stress fisiologi </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> biasanya anak hanya dapat mengeluarkan air mata saja
,tidak bisa menangis dengan keras (rewel) karena terjadi afasia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 90.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Stress
Psikologi tidak di evaluasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pola
Tata Nilai dan Kepercayaan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Anak umur 3-4 tahun belumbisa dikaji</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PEMERIKSAAN
LABORATORIUM / PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gambaran cairan
serebrospinal dapat dipertimbangkan meskipun tidak begitu membantu. Biasanya
berwarna jernih ,jumlah sel 50-200 dengan dominasi limfasit. Kadar protein
kadang-kadang meningkat, sedangkan glukosa masih dalam batas normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gambaran
EEG memperlihatkan proses inflamasi difus (aktifitas lambat bilateral).Bila
terdapat tanda klinis flokal yang ditunjang dengan gambaran EEG atau CT scan
dapat dilakukan biopal otak di daerah yang bersangkutan. Bila tidak ada tanda
klinis flokal, biopsy dapat dilakukan pada daerah lobus temporalis yang
biasanya menjadi predileksi virus Herpes Simplex.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN YANG SERING TERJADI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
tinggi infeksi b/d daya tahan terhadap infeksi turun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
tinggi perubahan peR/usi jaringan b/d Hepofalemia, anemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
tinggi terhadap trauma b/d aktivitas kejang umu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Nyeri
b/d adanya proses infeksi yang ditandai dengan anak menangis, gelisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gangguan
mobilitas b/d penurunan kekuatan otot yang ditandai dengan ROM terbatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gangguan
asupan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan mual muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gangguan
sensorik motorik (penglihatan, pendengaran, gaya bicara) b/d kerusakan susunan saraf pusat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Gangguan
rasa nyaman berhubungan dengan sakit kepala mual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
gangguan integritas kulit b/d daya pertahanan tubuh terhadap infeksi turun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.85pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.85pt; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
terjadi kontraktur b/d spastik berulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DIAGNOSA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>KEPERAWATAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
tinggi infeksi b/d daya tahan tubuh terhadap infeksi turun </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tujuan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak terjadi infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kriteria
hasil:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masa penyembuhan tepat waktu tanpa bukti
penyebaran infeksi endogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pertahanan teknik aseptic
dan teknik cuci tangan yang tepat baik petugas atau pengunmjung. Pantau dan
batasi pengunjung.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. menurunkan resiko px terkena infeksi sekunder .
mengontrol penyebaran Sumber infeksi, mencegah pemajaran pada individu yang
mengalami nfeksi saluran nafas atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Abs. suhu secara teratur dan
tanda-tanda klinis dari infeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Deteksi dini tanda-tanda
infeksi merupakan indikasi perkembangan Meningkosamia .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Berikan antibiotika sesuai
indikasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Obat yang dipilih
tergantung tipe infeksi dan sensitivitas individu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN II</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
tinggi terhadap trauma b/d aktivitas kejang umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tujuan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tidak
terjadi trauma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kriteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tidak
mengalami kejang / penyerta cedera lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Intervensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berikan pengamanan pada pasien dengan
memberi bantalan,penghalang tempat tidur tetapn terpasang dan berikan pengganjal
pada mulut, jalan nafas tetap bebas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Melindungi px jika
terjadi kejang , pengganjal mulut agak lidah tidak tergigit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catatan: memasukkan pengganjal mulut
hanya saat mulut relaksasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pertahankan tirah baring
dalam fase akut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Menurunkan resiko
terjatuh / trauma saat terjadi vertigo. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kolaborasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Berikan obat sesuai indikasi
seperti delantin, valum dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Merupakan indikasi untuk
penanganan dan pencegahan kejang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Abservasi tanda-tanda vital</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/. Deteksi diri terjadi
kejang agak dapat dilakukan tindakan lanjutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>III</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Resiko
terjadi kontraktur b/d kejang spastik berulang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tidak
terjadi kontraktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ktiteria hasil<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Tidak
terjadi kekakuan sendi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 126.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dapat
menggerakkan anggota tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Berikan penjelasan pada ibu
klien tentang penyebab terjadinya spastik , terjadi kekacauan sendi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/ . Dengan diberi
penjelasan diharapkan keluarga mengerti dan mau membantu program perawatan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Lakukan latihan pasif mulai
ujung ruas jari secara bertahap </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melatih melemaskan otot-otot, mencegah
kontraktor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Lakukan perubahan posisi
setiap 2 jam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan melakukan perubahan posisi
diharapkan peR/usi ke jaringan lancar, meningkatkan daya pertahanan tubuh .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Observasi gejala kaerdinal
setiap 3 jam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan melakukan observasi dapat melakukan
deteksi dini bila ada kelainan dapat dilakukan inteR/ensi segera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Kolaborasi untuk pemberian
pengobatan spastik dilantin / valium sesuai Indikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diberi dilantin / valium ,bila terjadi
kejang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spastik ulang </span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Laboratorium UPF Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak, Pedoman Diagnosis dan Terapi, Fakultas Kedokteran UNAIR Surabaya, 1998</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Ngastiyah, Perawatan Anak
Sakit, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta,
1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Rahman M, Petunjuk Tentang
Penyakit, Pemeriksaan Fisik dan Laboratorium, Kelompok Minat Penulisan Ilmiah
Kedokteran Salemba, Jakarta, 1986.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sacharian, Rosa M, Prinsip
Keperawatan Pediatrik, Edisi 2 Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta ,1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sutjinigsih (1995), Tumbuh
kembang Anak, Penerbit EGC, Jakarta.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PATO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FISIOLOGI ENSEFALISTIS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Virus / Bakteri </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 277px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251639296;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Mengenai CNS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 277px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251640320;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 277px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251641344;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Insevalitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="17" width="28"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tik <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Kejaringan
Susu Non Saraf Pusat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panas/Sakit kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 517px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251649536;"></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 277px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251646464;"></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 28px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251644416;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Muntah- muntah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kerusakan- kerusakan
susunan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasa Nyaman </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mual<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pusat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="height: 45px; left: 0px; margin-left: 221px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 63px; z-index: 251654656;"></span><span style="height: 45px; left: 0px; margin-left: 282px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 63px; z-index: 251653632;"></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 28px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251645440;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 28px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BB Turun<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251665920;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Gangguan Penglihatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kejang Spastik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>- Gangguan Bicara<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Nutrisi Kurang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Gangguan Pendengaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resiko Cedera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>- Kekemahan Gerak <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resiko Contuaktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251648512;"><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; left: 191px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 12px;"></span></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">- Gangguan Sensorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Motorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PATO
FISIOLOGI GIZI KURANG</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-85592122174623920952013-01-26T06:37:00.000-08:002013-01-26T06:37:10.337-08:00PRE PLANING ISPA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
PRE PLANING</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG ISPA</div>
</h2>
<br />
1. Latar belakang <br />
<br />
Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Bagian Atas (Batuk Pilek) adalah terjadinya suatu proses inflamasi / peradangan pada saluran pernafasan bagian atas yang ditandai dengan batuk dan pilek sebagai respon tubuh terhadap terjadinya proses infeksi. <br />
<br />
Berdasarkan hasil pengumpulan data tanggal 13 juli 2012 diketahui masyarakat cariu mulya mengalami ispa. <br />
<br />
Kami sebagai tenaga kesehatan melihat masalah tersebut sebagai suatu kebutuhan yang harus dipenuhi. Untuk itu mencoba memeberikan pendidikan kesehatan kepadas masyarakat Rw 01 agar dapat menghindari mengtasi keluhan – keluhan yang dialaminya secara mandiri. <br />
<br />
<br />
2. Tujuan <br />
<br />
Tujuan umum: masyarakat dapat mengetahui memahami dan mengerti tentang penyakit ISPA<br />
Tujuan Khusus: <br />
<br />
a. Masyarakat mengetahui dan mengarti tentang pengertian penyakit ISPA<br />
b. Masyarakat dapat menyebutkan kembali penyebab penyakit ISPA<br />
c. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang tanda dan gejala penyakit ISPA<br />
d. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang komplikasi penyakit ISPA<br />
e. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang pencegahan penyakit ISPA<br />
f. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang perawatan dan pengobatan penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
3. Tempat dan waktu <br />
<br />
Hari, tanggal : Senin 19 juli 2012<br />
<br />
Pukul : 19.00 s/d selesai <br />
<br />
Tempat : Rumah pak kad us RW 01 Cariu mulya <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
4. Sasaran <br />
<br />
Masyarakat di Rw 01 / Rt 1,2,3,17 desa cariu mulya Kec. Telagasari Kab.Karawang <br />
<br />
5. Metode dan Media <br />
<br />
a. Metode : Ceramah, tanya jawab, demonstrasi <br />
<br />
b. Media : Lap top, infokus, Leaf let <br />
<br />
6. Pengorganisasian <br />
<br />
Penanggung jawab masyarakat : Bp. Wanda (kepala dusun) <br />
<br />
Penanggung jawab mahasiswa : Ns. Abdul Gowi, S.Kep <br />
<br />
Yulis Erlina Wati, S.Kep <br />
<br />
Penyaji : Gusri Wahyudi<br />
<br />
Moderator : Irfan suhendar <br />
<br />
Fasilitator : Euis kartika, Sukmaya inggit a <br />
<br />
Observer : Yana nugraha, Neni Meilani <br />
<br />
7. Evaluasi <br />
<br />
a. Evaluasi Struktur <br />
<br />
1. Persiapan satpel <br />
<br />
2. Persiapan leaf let <br />
<br />
3. Lap top dan infokus <br />
<br />
4. Melakukan kontrak waktu untuk mengalokasikan dan mengefektifkan berlangsungnya kegiatan <br />
<br />
b. Evaluasi Proses <br />
<br />
1. Masyarakat dapat bekerjasama <br />
<br />
2. Mengerti maksud dan tujuan pendidikan kesehatan <br />
<br />
3. Masyarakat kooperatif dengan kegiatan diskusi <br />
<br />
4. Dapat menunjukan minat terhadap kegiatan <br />
<br />
c. Evaluasi Hasil <br />
<br />
1. Masyarakat mengetahui dan mengarti tentang pengertian penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
2. Masyarakat dapat menyebutkan kembali penyebab penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
3. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang tanda dan gejala penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
4. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang komplikasi penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
5. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang pencegahan penyakit ISPA <br />
<br />
6. Masyarakat dapat menjelaskan kembali tentang perawatan dan pengobatan penyakit ISPA<br />
<br />
MATERI ISPA <br />
<br />
A. Pengertian <br />
<br />
Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Bagian Atas (Batuk Pilek) adalah terjadinya suatu proses inflamasi / peradangan pada saluran pernafasan bagian atas yang ditandai dengan batuk dan pilek sebagai respon tubuh terhadap terjadinya proses infeksi. <br />
<br />
B. Penyebab <br />
<br />
· Bakteri, misal: Staphilococcus.<br />
· Virus, misal: virus influenza<br />
· Jamur, misal: Candida Albicans<br />
· Tertular orang lain yang sedang batuk pilek<br />
· Lingkungan hidup tidak sehat<br />
· Alergi makanan atau udara <br />
<br />
C. Tanda dan Gejala <br />
<br />
· Sering batuk<br />
· Kesulitan bernafas.<br />
· Sakit tenggorokan<br />
· Pilek<br />
· Kehilangan nafsu makan<br />
· Demam<br />
· Sakit telinga <br />
<br />
<br />
D. Komplikasi <br />
<br />
· Otitis media (radang telinga tengah)<br />
· Sinusitis (Radang pada hidung)<br />
· Faringitis (Randang tenggorokan)<br />
· Meningitis (Radang otak)<br />
· Kejang<br />
<br />
<br />
E. Pencegahan <br />
<br />
· Jangan membuang dahak sembarangan bila sedang batuk <br />
<br />
· Jaga kebersihan lingkungan <br />
<br />
· Makan makanan dengan gizi seimbang secara teratur <br />
<br />
· Aur ventilasi udara <br />
<br />
· Ciptakan lingkungan yang bebas polusi <br />
<br />
Misalnya : <br />
<br />
- Merokok di dalam rumah <br />
<br />
- Memasak dengan menggunakan kayu bakar dan <br />
<br />
- Tidak ada ventilasi untuk keluarnya asap<br />
<br />
F. Perawatan dan pengobatan <br />
<br />
· berikan larutan jeruk nipis yang di campur kecap <br />
<br />
· bawa segera kepelayanan kesehatan terdekat <br />
<br />
G. Perawatan di rumah dengan cara tradisional <br />
<br />
1. Bahan yang di perlukan adalah : <br />
<br />
a. Jeruk nipis <br />
<br />
b. Kecap <br />
<br />
c. Air matang <br />
<br />
2. Alat yang di perlukan adalah : Sendok makan, Gelas, Pisau.<br />
<br />
3. Cara membuatnya: <br />
<br />
a. Siapkan alat dan bahan <br />
<br />
b. Cuci jeruk nipis sampai bersih <br />
<br />
c. Potong jeruk nipis menjadi 2 bagian <br />
<br />
d. Peras jeruk nipis, kira-kira satu sendok makan. <br />
<br />
e. Campurkan dengan ½ - 1 sendok kecap manis, aduk rata. Segera minumkan pada pasien. <br />
<br />
Sumber <br />
<br />
- Brunner dan Suddeth (1997); Buku Ajar keperawatn Medikal bedah, Jakarta, EGC <br />
<br />
- Doengoes, Marilyne (2000); Rencana asuhan keperawatan, Jakarta, EGC <br />
<br />
- <a href="http://www.google.com/">www.google.com</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-88745214020773124522013-01-26T06:32:00.001-08:002013-02-22T16:46:37.968-08:00FORMAT PENGKAJIAN BAYI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>FORMAT
PENGKAJIAN BAYI</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV">Nama Mahasiwa :
……………………….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV">Tempat Praktek :
………………………..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV">Tanggal Praktek :
………………………..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV">Pembimbing :
......................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 9.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 411.4pt;" valign="top" width="549"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="SV">DATA BAYI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.8pt;" valign="top" width="277"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Nama Bayi : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Jenis kelamin : L/P<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Tanggal lahir/usia :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.6pt;" valign="top" width="271"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">BB/PB :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Apgar score :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="FI">DATA ORANG TUA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.75pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.15pt;" valign="top" width="190"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI">IBU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="FI">AYAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.75pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.15pt;" valign="top" width="190"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.75pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.15pt;" valign="top" width="190"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.75pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Pekerjaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.15pt;" valign="top" width="190"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.75pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI">Alamat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.15pt;" valign="top" width="190"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="FI">A. PENGKAJIAN FISIK NEONATUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.7pt;">
<span lang="IT">Beri tanda chek (</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">ü</span><span lang="IT">) pada istilah yang tepat / sesuai dengan
data-data di bawah ini. </span><span lang="FI">Gambarkan
sebuah temuan abnormal secara </span><span lang="IT">objektif, gunakan kolom data tambahan bila perlu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Reflek’s<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Moro ( ) Menggenggam
( ) Menghisap
( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Tonus/aktivitas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Aktif ( ) Letargi
( ) Kejang
( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Menangis keras ( ) Lemah
( ) Melengking
( )
Sulit menangis ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Kepala/leher<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Fontanel anterior : lunak
( ) tegas ( )
datar (
) menonjol ( )
cekung ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">Sutura sagitalis : tepat
( ) terpisah ( ) menjauh (
) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">Gambaran wajah : simetris (
) asimetris ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Mata :
bersih ( )
sekresi ( ) ikhterik
( )<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Telinga Hidung
Tenggorokkan ( THT ) : <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Telinga : normal ( ) abnormal
( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="IT">Hidung : normal ( ) abnormal
( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT">Abdomen :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">a. lunak (
) tegas (
) datar (
) kembung ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">b. lingkar perut : .................
cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">c. hati : kurang dari 2 cm
( )
lebih dari 2 cm ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Umbilikus : menonjol (
) basah (
) Kering (
)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Toraks<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">- bentuk simetris (
) asimetris ( ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">- Retraksi ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">- Klavikula: normal (
) abnormal ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI">Paru-paru : <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span lang="FI">suara nafas kanan dan kiri: sama ( ) asimetris
( )<o:p></o:p>Bunyi nafas
di semua lapang paru : terdengar (
) tidak terdengar ( ) Menurun ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="FI">Suara nafas
: bersih ( )
ronchi ( )
rales ( )
sekresi ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="FI">Respirasi :
spontan ( )
alat bantu ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="8" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Jantung
: murmur ( )
gallop ( )<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV"> Reguler (
) irreguler ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV"> Frekuensi
: .............x/mt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV"> Waktu pengisian kapiler :
.......... dtk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="9" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Ekstremitas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">Gerakan bebas (
) ROM terbatas ( ) tidak terkaji ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV">Nadi Perifer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Keras<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">Tidak teraba<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV">Brakial kanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV">Brakial kiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV">Femoral kanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SV">Femoral kiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">Ekstremitas atas : normal ( )
abnormal ( ): .........................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">Ekstremitas bawah : normal ( )
abnormal ( ): .........................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">
Tidak terkaji ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="10" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Genital<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="FI">Perempuan normal (
) laki-laki normal ( )
abnormal ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="FI">Anus : paten (
) imperforata ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Kulit<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Warna : pink
( ) pucat
( ) jaundice (
)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span lang="SV">Sianosis pada kuku ( ) sirkumoral ( ) periorbital
( ) seluruh tubuh ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="11" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">kemerahan
(rash) ( )<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">tanda
lahir : .........................................<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Suhu :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">a. lingkungan : penghangat
radian ( )
pengaturan suhu ( )
inkubator ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV"> suhu ruang ( )
boks terbuka ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV">b. suhu kulit :
................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV">B. RIWAYAT PRENATAL (ANC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 1.
Jumlah kunjungan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 2.
Bidan/dokter :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 3.
Pendkes yg didapat :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 4.
HPHT :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 5.
Kenaikan BB selama hamil:
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 6.
Komplikasi kehamilan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 7.
Komplikasi obat :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 8.
Obat-obatan yg didapat :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 9.
Pengobatan yg didapat :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 10.
Riwayat hospitalisasi :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 11.
Golongan darah ibu :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 12.
Kehamilan direncanakan : ya (
) tidak ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI">C. PEMERIKSAAN KEHAMILAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> Rubella ( ) Hepatitis
( ) Chlamidia
( ) VDRL
( ) GO ( ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI">
Herpes ( )
HIV ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI">D. RIWAYAT PERSALINAN ( Intranatal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 1.
Awal persalinan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> 2.
Lama persalinan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="FI">3. Komplikasi persalinan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> </span><span lang="SV">4. Terapi yang diberikan :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="FI">Jenis dan jumlah :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> Lama
pemberian : ...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> 5.
Lama antara ruptur vagina dan saat partus :
.........................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> 6.
Jumlah cairan ketuban :
...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> 7.
anestesi yang diberikan : ...............................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> 8.
Mekonium : ada
( )
tidak ( )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b><br /></b><div>
<b><br />E. RIWAYAT KELAHIRAN: </b><br /><br /> 1. Indikasi dilakukan monitoring : .........................................</div>
<div>
2. Pola Fetal Heart Rate : ....................................................</div>
<div>
3. Analisa Gas Darah : ........................................................<br /> 4. Lama kala II : .......................................................<br /> 5. Cara melahirkan : spontan ( ) bantuan forcep ( ) Cesar ( )<br /> 6. Tempat melahirkjan : .........................................................<br /> 7. Presentasi : ...........................................................</div>
<span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div>
<br />F. RIWAYAT POST NATAL<br />G. RIWAYAT SOSIAL<br />H. DATA TAMBAHAN<br />I.RINGKASAN RIWAYAT KEPERAWATAN</div>
</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-60368237351844067622013-01-14T17:59:00.003-08:002013-01-14T17:59:47.713-08:00BAYI HIPERBILIRUBINEMIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAYI HIPERBILIRUBINEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A. Batasan-Batasan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ikterus Fisiologis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ikterus
pada neonatus tidak selamanya patologis. Ikterus fisiologis adalah Ikterus yang
memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Hanifa, 1987):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Timbul pada hari kedua-ketiga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Biluirubin Indirek setelah 2 x 24 jam
tidak melewati 15 mg% pada neonatus cukup bulan dan 10 mg % pada kurang bulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kecepatan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin tak
melebihi 5 mg % per hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Bilirubin direk kurang dari 1 mg %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikterus hilang pada 10 hari pertama</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terbukti mempunyai hubungan dengan keadan
patologis tertentu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ikterus Patologis/Hiperbilirubinemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Adalah
suatu keadaan dimana kadar Bilirubin dalam darah mencapai suatu nilai yang
mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan Kern Ikterus kalau tidak ditanggulangi dengan
baik, atau mempunyai hubungan dengan keadaan yang patologis. Brown menetapkan
Hiperbilirubinemia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bila kadar Bilirubin
mencapai 12 mg% pada cukup bulan, dan 15 mg % pada bayi kurang bulan. Utelly
menetapkan 10 mg% dan 15 mg%.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kern Ikterus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Adalah
suatu kerusakan otak akibat perlengketan Bilirubin Indirek pada otak terutama
pada Korpus Striatum, Talamus, Nukleus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Subtalamus, Hipokampus, Nukleus merah , dan Nukleus pada dasar
Ventrikulus IV.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D. Etiologi</b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3;">Peningkatan produksi :</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hemolisis, misal pada Inkompatibilitas yang
terjadi bila terdapat ketidaksesuaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>golongan darah dan anak pada penggolongan Rhesus dan ABO.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pendarahan tertutup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>misalnya pada trauma kelahiran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikatan Bilirubin dengan protein terganggu
seperti gangguan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolik yang terdapat
pada bayi Hipoksia atau Asidosis .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi G6PD/ Glukosa 6 Phospat
Dehidrogenase.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikterus ASI yang disebabkan oleh dikeluarkannya
pregnan 3 (alfa), 20 (beta) , diol (steroid).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kurangnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enzim Glukoronil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transeferase ,
sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kadar Bilirubin Indirek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat misalnya pada berat lahir rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelainan kongenital (Rotor Sindrome) dan Dubin
Hiperbilirubinemia.</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan transportasi
akibat penurunan kapasitas pengangkutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>misalnya pada Hipoalbuminemia atau karena pengaruh obat-obat
tertentu misalnya Sulfadiasine.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan fungsi Hati yang
disebabkan oleh beberapa mikroorganisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau toksion yang dapat langsung merusak sel hati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan darah merah seperti Infeksi ,
Toksoplasmosis, Siphilis.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan ekskresi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terjadi intra atau ekstra Hepatik.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3;">Peningkatan sirkulasi
Enterohepatik misalnya pada Ileus Obstruktif</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E . Metabolisme
Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segera
setelah lahir bayi harus mengkonjugasi Bilirubin (merubah Bilirubin yang larut
dalam lemak menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilirubin yang mudah
larut dalam air) di dalam hati. Frekuensi dan jumlah konjugasi tergantung dari
besarnya hemolisis dan kematangan hati, serta jumlah tempat ikatan Albumin
(Albumin binding site). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
bayi yang normal dan sehat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta cukup
bulan, hatinya sudah matang dan menghasilkan Enzim Glukoronil Transferase yang
memadai sehingga serum Bilirubin tidak mencapai tingkat patologis.</div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F. Patofisiologi
Hiperbilirubinemia</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan
kadar Bilirubin tubuh dapat terjadi pada beberapa keadaan . Kejadian yang sering
ditemukan adalah apabila terdapat penambahan beban Bilirubin pada sel Hepar
yang berlebihan. Hal ini dapat ditemukan bila terdapat peningkatan penghancuran
Eritrosit, Polisitemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gangguan
pemecahan Bilirubin plasma juga dapat menimbulkan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin
tubuh. Hal ini dapat terjadi apabila kadar protein Y dan Z berkurang, atau pada
bayi Hipoksia, Asidosis. Keadaan lain yang memperlihatkan peningkatan kadar
Bilirubin adalah apabila ditemukan gangguan konjugasi Hepar atau neonatus yang
mengalami gangguan ekskresi misalnya sumbatan saluran empedu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
derajat tertentu Bilirubin ini akan bersifat toksik dan merusak jaringan tubuh.
Toksisitas terutama ditemukan pada Bilirubin Indirek yang bersifat sukar larut
dalam air tapi mudah larut dalam lemak. sifat ini memungkinkan terjadinya efek
patologis pada sel otak apabila Bilirubin tadi dapat menembus sawar darah otak.
Kelainan yang terjadi pada otak disebut Kernikterus. Pada umumnya dianggap
bahwa kelainan pada saraf pusat tersebut mungkin akan timbul apabila kadar
Bilirubin Indirek lebih dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 mg/dl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mudah
tidaknya kadar Bilirubin melewati sawar darah otak ternyata tidak hanya
tergantung pada keadaan neonatus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indirek akan mudah
melalui sawar darah otak apabila bayi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat keadaan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah , Hipoksia, dan Hipoglikemia (
AH, Markum,1991).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">G. Penata Laksanaan
Medis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
pada penyebabnya, maka manejemen bayi dengan Hiperbilirubinemia diarahkan untuk
mencegah anemia dan membatasi efek dari Hiperbilirubinemia. Pengobatan
mempunyai tujuan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Anemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Antibodi Maternal dan Eritrosit
Tersensitisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan Badan Serum Albumin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menurunkan Serum Bilirubin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode
therapi pada Hiperbilirubinemia meliputi : Fototerapi, Transfusi Pengganti,
Infus Albumin dan Therapi Obat.</div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fototherapi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi
dapat digunakan sendiri atau dikombinasi dengan Transfusi Pengganti untuk
menurunkan Bilirubin. Memaparkan neonatus pada cahaya dengan intensitas yang
tinggi ( a boun of fluorencent light bulbs or bulbs in the blue-light spectrum)
akan menurunkan Bilirubin dalam kulit. Fototherapi menurunkan kadar Bilirubin
dengan cara memfasilitasi eksresi Biliar Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi. Hal ini
terjadi jika cahaya yang diabsorsi jaringan mengubah Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi
menjadi dua isomer yang disebut Fotobilirubin. Fotobilirubin bergerak dari
jaringan ke pembuluh darah melalui mekanisme difusi. Di dalam darah
Fotobilirubin berikatan dengan Albumin dan dikirim ke Hati. Fotobilirubin
kemudian bergerak ke Empedu dan diekskresi ke dalam Deodenum untuk dibuang
bersama feses tanpa proses konjugasi oleh Hati (Avery dan Taeusch 1984). Hasil
Fotodegradasi terbentuk ketika sinar mengoksidasi Bilirubin dapat dikeluarkan
melalui urine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi
mempunyai peranan dalam pencegahan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin, tetapi tidak
dapat mengubah penyebab Kekuningan dan Hemolisis dapat menyebabkan Anemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
umum Fototherapi harus diberikan pada kadar Bilirubin Indirek 4 -5 mg / dl.
Neonatus yang sakit dengan berat badan kurang dari 1000 gram harus di
Fototherapi dengan konsentrasi Bilirubun 5 mg / dl. Beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmuan mengarahkan untuk memberikan
Fototherapi Propilaksis pada 24 jam pertama pada Bayi Resiko Tinggi dan Berat
Badan Lahir Rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tranfusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengganti</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transfusi Pengganti
atau Imediat diindikasikan adanya faktor-faktor :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Titer anti Rh lebih dari 1 : 16 pada ibu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penyakit Hemolisis berat pada bayi baru lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penyakit Hemolisis pada bayi saat lahir perdarahan atau
24 jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tes Coombs Positif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadar Bilirubin Direk lebih besar 3,5 mg / dl pada
minggu pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Serum Bilirubin Indirek lebih dari 20 mg / dl pada 48
jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hemoglobin kurang dari 12 gr / dl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bayi dengan Hidrops saat lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bayi pada resiko terjadi Kern Ikterus.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section5">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Transfusi Pengganti digunakan untuk
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi Anemia sel darah merah yang tidak Suseptible
(rentan) terhadap sel darah merah terhadap Antibodi Maternal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan sel darah merah untuk yang Tersensitisasi
(kepekaan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Serum Bilirubin </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan Albumin bebas Bilirubin dan meningkatkan
keterikatan dengan Bilirubin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
Rh Inkomptabiliti diperlukan transfusi darah golongan O segera (kurang dari 2
hari), Rh negatif whole blood. Darah yang dipilih tidak mengandung antigen A
dan antigen B yang pendek. setiap 4 - 8 jam kadar Bilirubin harus dicek.
Hemoglobin harus diperiksa setiap hari sampai stabil. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Therapi Obat</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Phenobarbital
dapat menstimulasi hati untuk menghasilkan enzim yang meningkatkan konjugasi
Bilirubin dan mengekresinya. Obat ini efektif baik diberikan pada ibu hamil
untuk beberapa hari sampai beberapa minggu sebelum melahirkan. Penggunaan
penobarbital pada post natal masih menjadi pertentangan karena efek sampingnya
(letargi).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Colistrisin dapat mengurangi
Bilirubin dengan mengeluarkannya lewat urine sehingga menurunkan siklus
Enterohepatika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penggolongan
Hiperbilirubinemia berdasarkan saat terjadi Ikterus:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Ikterus yang timbul pada 24
jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Penyebab Ikterus terjadi pada 24
jam pertama menurut besarnya kemungkinan dapat disusun sbb: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Inkomptabilitas darah Rh, ABO atau golongan
lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Infeksi Intra Uterin (Virus, Toksoplasma,
Siphilis dan kadang-kadang Bakteri)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadang-kadang oleh Defisiensi Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Pemeriksaan yang perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Bilirubin Serum berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Darah tepi lengkap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Golongan darah ibu dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Test Coombs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan skrining<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defisiensi G6PD, biakan darah atau biopsi
Hepar bila perlu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. Ikterus yang timbul 24<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>72
jam sesudah lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Biasanya Ikterus fisiologis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masih ada kemungkinan inkompatibilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah ABO atau Rh, atau golongan lain. Hal
ini diduga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalau kenaikan kadar
Bilirubin cepat misalnya melebihi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5mg%
per 24 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi Enzim G6PD atau Enzim Eritrosit lain
juga masih mungkin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Polisetimia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hemolisis perdarahan tertutup ( pendarahan
subaponeurosis, pendarahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hepar, sub
kapsula dll).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Bila keadaan bayi baik dan
peningkatannya cepat maka pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>darah Bilirubin berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan skrining Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan lain bila perlu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul sesudah 72 jam pertama
sampai akhir minggu pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sepsis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dehidrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan Asidosis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pengaruh obat-obat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sindroma Criggler-Najjar, Sindroma Gilbert.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul pada akhir minggu pertama
dan selanjutnya: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Karena ikterus obstruktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hipotiroidisme</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Breast milk Jaundice.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hepatitis Neonatal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Galaktosemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Pemeriksaan laboratorium yang
perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan Bilirubin berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Skrining Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Biakan darah, biopsi Hepar bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
memberikan keperawatan yang paripurna digunakan proses keperawatan yang
meliputi Pengkajian, Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan dan Evaluasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengkajian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat orang tua :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ketidakseimbangan
golongan darah ibu dan anak seperti Rh, ABO, Polisitemia, Infeksi, Hematoma,
Obstruksi Pencernaan dan ASI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan Fisik : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Kuning,
Pallor Konvulsi, Letargi, Hipotonik, menangis melengking, refleks menyusui yang
lemah, Iritabilitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian Psikososial : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Dampak
sakit anak pada hubungan dengan orang tua, apakah orang tua merasa bersalah,
masalah Bonding, perpisahan dengan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengetahuan Keluarga meliputi : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Penyebab
penyakit dan pengobatan, perawatan lebih lanjut, apakah mengenal keluarga lain
yang memiliki yang sama, tingkat pendidikan, kemampuan mempelajari
Hiperbilirubinemia (Cindy Smith Greenberg. 1988)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. Diagnosa, Tujuan ,
dan Intervensi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
pengkajian di atas dapat diidentifikasikan masalah yang memberi gambaran
keadaan kesehatan klien dan memungkinkan menyusun perencanaan asuhan
keperawatan. Masalah yang diidentifikasi ditetapkan sebagai diagnosa
keperawatan melalui analisa dan interpretasi data yang diperoleh.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Kurangnya
volume cairan sehubungan dengan tidak adekuatnya intake cairan, fototherapi,
dan diare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Cairan tubuh neonatus adekuat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Catat jumlah dan kualitas feses, pantau turgor kulit, pantau intake
output, beri air diantara menyusui atau memberi botol.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan suhu
tubuh (hipertermi) sehubungan dengan efek fototerapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Kestabilan suhu tubuh bayi dapat dipertahankan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Beri suhu lingkungan yang netral, pertahankan suhu antara 35,5<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> - 37<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> C,
cek tanda-tanda vital tiap 2 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan
integritas kulit sehubungan dengan hiperbilirubinemia dan diare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Keutuhan kulit bayi dapat dipertahankan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi</i></b>
: Kaji warna kulit tiap 8 jam, pantau bilirubin direk dan indirek , rubah
posisi setiap 2 jam, masase daerah yang menonjol, jaga kebersihan kulit dan kelembabannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan
parenting sehubungan dengan pemisahan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Orang tua dan bayi menunjukan tingkah laku “Attachment” , orang tua dapat
mengekspresikan ketidak mengertian proses Bounding.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Bawa bayi ke ibu untuk disusui, buka tutup mata saat disusui, untuk
stimulasi sosial dengan ibu, anjurkan orangtua untuk mengajak bicara anaknya,
libatkan orang tua dalam perawatan bila memungkinkan, dorong orang tua
mengekspresikan perasaannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Kecemasan
meningkat sehubungan dengan therapi yang diberikan pada bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Orang tua mengerti tentang perawatan, dapat mengidentifikasi
gejala-gejala untuk menyampaikan pada tim kesehatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Kaji
pengetahuan keluarga klien, beri pendidikan kesehatan penyebab dari kuning,
proses terapi dan perawatannya. Beri pendidikan kesehatan mengenai cara
perawatan bayi dirumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Potensial
trauma sehubungan dengan efek fototherapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Neonatus akan berkembang tanpa disertai tanda-tanda gangguan akibat
fototherapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Tempatkan
neonatus pada jarak 45 cm dari sumber cahaya, biarkan neonatus dalam keadaan
telanjang kecuali mata dan daerah genetal serta bokong ditutup dengan kain yang
dapat memantulkan cahaya; usahakan agar penutup mata tida menutupi hidung dan
bibir; matikan lampu, buka penutup mata untuk mengkaji adanya konjungtivitis
tiap 8 jam; buka penutup mata setiap akan disusukan; ajak bicara dan beri
sentuhan setiap memberikan perawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Potensial trauma
sehubungan dengan tranfusi tukar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Tranfusi tukar dapat dilakukan tanpa komplikasi </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Catat
kondisi umbilikal jika vena umbilikal yang digunakan; basahi umbilikal dengan
NaCl selama 30 menit sebelum melakukan tindakan, neonatus puasa 4 jam sebelum
tindakan, pertahankan suhu tubuh bayi, catat jenis darah ibu dan Rhesus serta
darah yang akan ditranfusikan adalah darah segar; pantau tanda-tanda vital;
selama dan sesudah tranfusi; siapkan suction bila diperlukan; amati adanya
ganguan cairan dan elektrolit; apnoe, bradikardi, kejang; monitor pemeriksaan
laboratorium sesuai program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aplikasi Discharge
Planing.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan serta perubahan kebutuhan bayi dengan hiperbilirubin (seperti
rangsangan, latihan, dan kontak sosial) selalu menjadi tanggung jawab orang tua
dalam memenuhinya dengan mengikuti aturan dan gambaran yang diberikan selama
perawatan di Rumah Sakit dan perawatan lanjutan dirumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faktor yang harus disampaikan agar ibu dapat melakukan
tindakan yang terbaik dalam perawatan bayi hiperbilirubinimea (warley
&Wong, 1994):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan ibu mengungkapkan/melaporkan bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi mengalami gangguan-gangguan kesadaran
seperti : kejang-kejang, gelisah, apatis, nafsu menyusui menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan ibu untuk menggunakan alat pompa susu selama
beberapa hari untuk mempertahankan kelancaran air susu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberikan penjelasan tentang prosedur fototherapi
pengganti untuk menurunkan kadar bilirubin bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menasehatkan pada ibu untuk mempertimbangkan
pemberhentian ASI dalam hal mencegah peningkatan bilirubin. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengajarkan tentang perawatan kulit : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memandikan dengan sabun yang lembut dan air
hangat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan alat untuk membersihkan mata, mulut,
daerah perineal dan daerah sekitar kulit yang rusak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gunakan pelembab kulit setelah dibersihkan untuk
mempertahankan kelembaban kulit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari pakaian bayi yang menggunakan perekat di
kulit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari penggunaan bedak pada lipatan paha dan
tubuh karena dapat mengakibatkan lecet karena gesekan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melihat faktor resiko yang dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan kulit seperti penekanan yang lama, garukan .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bebaskan kulit dari alat tenun yang basah
seperti: popok yang basah karena bab dan bak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melakukan pengkajian yang ketat tentang status
gizi bayi seperti : turgor kulit, capilari reffil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hal lain yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah : </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara memandikan bayi dengan air hangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(37 -38 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan tali pusat / umbilikus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengganti popok dan pakaian bayi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menangis merupakan suatu komunikasi jika bayi tidak
nyaman, bosan, kontak dengan sesuatu yang baru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Temperatur / suhu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pernapasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara menyusui</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Eliminasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan sirkumsisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Imunisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tanda-tanda
dan gejala penyakit, misalnya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>letargi ( bayi sulit dibangunkan )</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>demam ( suhu > 37 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>muntah (sebagian besar atau seluruh makanan
sebanyak 2 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>diare ( lebih dari 3 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>tidak ada nafsu makan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Keamanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah bayi dari trauma seperti; kejatuhan
benda tajam (pisau, gunting) yang mudah dijangkau oleh bayi / balita.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah benda panas, listrik, dan lainnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menjaga keamanan bayi selama perjalanan dengan
menggunakan mobil atau sarana lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pengawasan yang ketat terhadap bayi oleh saudara
- saudaranya.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">RENCANA PEMULANGAN POST PARTUM</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(DISCHARGE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PLANNING)</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pendahuluan </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beberapa tahun terakhir ini sistem perawatan dan pengobatan
telah berubah. Perawatan klien di rumah sakit saat ini diusahakan untuk
mengurangi biaya perawatan dan memberi kesempatan pada pasien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain yang lebih membutuhkan. konsekuensinya,
tim kesehatan harus membantu klien benar-benar memahami status kesehatannya dan
harus mampu menyiapkan klien merawat dirinya sendiri di rumah atau di
masyarakat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pendekatan perawatan klien selama post partum juga berubah.
Klien tidak dianggap lagi orang sakit, tetapi dianggap suatu proses yang alami
dan mereka dianggap sehat. Oleh karena itu klien harus secepatnya mobilisasi
dan mandiri dalam merawat dirinya sendiri. Waktu perawatan juga berubah,
menjadi lebih singkat, bisa hanya 24 jam sampai 72 jam saja. Dalam waktu yang
sesingkat mungkin, klien dan keluarganya harus dibekali pengetahuan,
ketrampilan dan informasi tempat rujukan sehingga klien mampu merawat dirinya
sendiri.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perawatan yang diberikan merupakan usaha kolaborasi yang
melibatkan ibu dan keluarga, perawat, dokter dan tim kesehatan lainnya, untuk
mencapai kesehatan yang optimal. Untuk semua alasan di atas maka rencana
pemulangan pasien post partum sangat penting karena :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memudahkan pemantauan kesehatan setelah pasien pulang
ke rumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Membuat pasien lebih bertanggung jawab terhadap
kesehatan dirinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berkurangnya biaya pengobatan dan perawatan, tempat
tidur dapat diisi pasien lain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penggunaan rencana pemulangan tertulis sangat efektif
untuk pedoman pengajaran dan evaluasi serta menjadi sumber pengetahuan ibu dan
keluarga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bagi klien post partum, pemulihan kesehatan setelah
melahirkan relatif singkat dan dianggap suatu proses sehat. Persepsi ini sering
kali membuat tim kesehatan berpendapat bahwa ibu dan keluarga tidak mempunyai
kebutuhan dan pelatihan yang khusus, ditambah lagi ada anggapan bahwa keluarga
sedang berbahagia dan siap menerima bayinya. Anggapan ini tentunya tidak benar
karena setiap keluarga post pertum mempunyai kebutuhan dan masalah tertentu,
ibu-ibu primipara bingung dalam merawat dan beradaptasi dengan bayi dan peran
barunya, sedangkan ibu-ibu multipara mungkin bingung dengan masalah keuangan,
anak-anak yang lain serta berhubungan dengan datangnya anggota baru. Jadi
pendekatan dan perhatian dan sikap tim kesehatan, harus sama dengan kedua
kelompok ini. Pada masa perawatan post partum di rumah sakit inilah mereka
menerima pengajaran dan bimbigan untuk mengantisipasi perubahan fisik dan
suasana dalam keluarga di rumah nanti.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Karena kebanyakan ibu dirawat dalam waktu singkat, maka
penting bagi perawat mempersiapkan klien secara sistematis. Seringkali
digunakan paduan format-format. Sebelum ibu pulang sebaiknya rencana pemulangan
sudah dipersiapkan dan perawat masih tetap menyediakan waktu untuk penguatan
dan evaluasi pengetahuan, ketrampilan, dan kondisi mental seluruh keluarga.
Mengingat luasnya dan kompleksnya perawatan terhadap klien post partum, maka kelompok
mambatasi permasalahannya tentang pendidikan kesehatan pada klien post partum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk memberikan
gambaran yang lebih jelas kepada perawat dan tenaga kesehatan lainnya mengenai
rencana pemulangan klien post partum, hal ini akan diuraikan dalam makalah.</div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TINJAUAN KEPUSTAKAAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rencana Pemulangan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rencana Pemulangan (RP) merupakan bagian pelayanan
perawatan, yang bertujuan untuk memandirikan klien dan mempersiapkan orang tua
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan fisik dan emosional bayi bila pulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Waktu yang terbaik untuk memulai rencana pulang adalah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hari pertama</b> masuk rumah sakit. Klien
belum dapat dipulangkan sampai dia mampu melakukan apa yang diharapkan darinya
ketika di rumah. Oleh karena itu Rencana Pemulangan harus didasarkan pada :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kemampuan klien untuk melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari
dan seberapa jauh tingkat ketergantungan pada orang lain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ketrampilan, pengetahuan dan adanya anggota keluarga
atau teman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bimbingan perawat yang diperlukan untuk memperbaiki dan
mempertahankan kesehatan, pendidikan, dan pengobatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beberapa hal yang perlu dikemukakan berkenaan dengan proses
berencana untuk memulangkan klien adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menentukan klien yang memerlukan rencana pulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Waktu yang terbaik untuk memulai rencana pulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Staf yang terlibat dalam rencana pulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara yang digunakan dan evaluasi efektifitas dari
rencana pulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beberapa karakteristik yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam
membuat Rencana Pemulangan (RP) adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berfokus pada klien. Nilai, keinginan dan kebutuhan
klien merupakan hal penting dalam perencanaan. Klien dan keluarga harus
berpartisipasi aktif dalam hal ini.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kebutuhan dasar klien pada waktu pulang harus
diidentifikasi pada waktu masuk dan terus dipantau pada masa perawatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kriteria evaluasi menjadi panduan dalam menilai
keberhasilan implementasi dan evaluasi secara periodik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rencana pemulangan suatu proses yang melibatkan tim
kesehatan dari berbagai disiplin ilmu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Klien harus membuat keputusan yang tertulis mengenai
rencana pemulangan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rencana penyuluhan didasarkan pada :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kebutuhan belajar orang tua.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Prinsip belajar mengajar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengkaji tingkat pengetahuan dan kesiapan belajar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Metode belajar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kondisi fisik dan psikologis orang tua</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Latar belakang sosial budaya untuk proses belajar
mengajar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tekankan bahwa merawat bayi bukan hanya
kewajiban wanita</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lamanya bayi dan ibu tinggal di rumah sakit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>“Early discharge” 6 - 8 jam I, dimana informasi
penting harus diberikan serta follow up.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cara-cara penyampaian Rencana Pemulangan adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gunakan bahasa yang sederhana, jelas dan ringkas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jelaskan langkah-langkah dalam melaksanakan suatu
perawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perkuat penjelasan lisan dengan instruksi tertulis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Motivasi klien untuk mengikuti langkah-langkah tersebut
dalam melakukan perawatan dan pengobatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kenali tanda-tanda dan gejala komplikasi yang harus
dilaporkan pada tim kesehatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan nama dan nomor telepon yang dapat klien
hubungi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dasar-dasar rencana penyuluhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara memandikan bayi dengan air hangat (37 -38 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span>
celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>membersihkan mata dari dalam ke luar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>membersihkan kepala bayi (bayi masih berpakaian
lalu keringkan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>buka pakaian bayi, beri sabun dan celupkan ke
dalam air.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan tali pusat / umbilikus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>bersihkan dengan alkohol lalu kompres betadin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>tali pusat akan tanggal pada hari 7 - 10</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengganti popok dan pakaian bayi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menangis merupakan suatu komunikasi jika bayi tidak
nyaman, bosan, kontak dengan sesuatu yang baru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara-cara mengukur suhu </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberi minum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pola eliminasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan sirkumsisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Imunisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tanda-tanda
dan gejala penyakit, misalnya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>letargi ( bayi sulit dibangunkan )</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>demam ( suhu > 37 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>muntah (sebagian besar atau seluruh makanan
sebanyak 2 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>diare ( lebih dari 3 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>tidak ada nafsu makan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana pemulangan
ditujukan pada :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IBU</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dalam rencana pemulangan yang perlu dianjurkan antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pernapasan dada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bentuk tubuh, lumbal,dan fungsi otot-otot panggul</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Latihan panggul, evaluasi, gambaran dan ukuran yang
menyenangkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Latihan penguatan otot perut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Posisi nyaman untuk istirahat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Permudahan gerakan badan dari berdiri ke jalan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tehnik relaksasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pencegahan; jangan mengangkat berat, melakukan sit up
secara berlebihan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Daftar kegiatan sangat membantu kondisi post partum kembali
dalam keadaan sehat. Saat ibu kembali ke rumah, secara bertahap akan kembali
melakukan aktivitas normal. Pekerjaan rumah akan membantu mencegah kekakuan
otot-otot secara umum tetapi tidak akan melemahkan kekuatan otot (Blankfield,
1967).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ketika membantu klien untuk memilih program latihan perawat
seharusnya memperingatkan akan perubahan muskuloskeletal yang akan kembali
normal pada 6 - 8 minggu (Danforth,1967). Selama periode ini, ligamen-ligamen
akan lunak dan saling terpisah oleh karena itu latihan-latihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memerlukan keregangan dan kekuatan otot-otot
yang berlebihan seperti halnya aerobik, lari, dan lai-lain harus dihindari
selama periode ini untuk mencegah ketegangan. Aktifitas yang aman seperti
berjalan, berenang dan bersepeda sangat dianjurkan. Seorang wanita dapat
memulai latihan atau Yoga 2 minggu setelah melahirkan pervaginam atau 4 - 6 minggu
setelah mengalami operasi caesar. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Secara ideal ini harus memiliki seorang instruktur yang
berpengalaman yang bertanggung jawab selama melatih ibu post partum. Ibu
biasanya mendapatlan kesulitan dalam mengatur waktu untuk latihan atau
melakukan tehnik relaksasi di rumah. Perawat harus membantu mendorong ibu untuk
istirahat ketika bayi sedang tidur dan mencoba untuk tidak melakukan pekerjaan
selama waktu itu. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wanita biasanya kurang sabar dalam hal merawat tubuhnya .
Perawat harus mengingatkan bahwa selama masa menyusui membutuhkan ekstra lemak
dari tubuhnya, oleh karena itu nutrizi dan gizi yang baik sangat dibutuhkan.
Perawat harus meyakinkan ibu bahwa waktu yang dibutuhkan seorang wanita untuk
kembali pada tubuh yang normal setelah persalinan sangan bervariasi dan
prosesnya dapat berlangsung 6 - 12 bulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Selama masa nifas ibu perlu memperhatikan :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-insideh: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal">
Pemenuhan rasa nyaman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hari I</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hari II</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pernapasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Latihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hari I</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Permulaan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hari II</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
tambahan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 305.1pt;" valign="top" width="407"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perineum kompres dingin. Posisi terlentang, Sim,
telungkup; semua dengan bantal yang menyokong kepala, kedua lutut dan pelvis
hanya untuk prone (telungkup)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Gunakan BH yang menyangga,
lakukan rendam hangat (daerah perineum), lanjutkan latihan Kegel, posisi
berbaring atau telungkup (2x sehari selama 30 - 60 menit), ambulansi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pernafasan ke arah dada dan
toraks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pengembalian posisi pelvis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pengerutan dasar pelvis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1-3-5 detik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>5 kali / jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pengerutan abdomen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 - 10 detik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 kali / 2 x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pergerutan abdomen dan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
dasar pelvis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3-5-10 detik 5 x / 2x
sehari </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Pengerutan abdominal,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dasar panggul dan bokong<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 - 5- 10 detik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 x /2x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Ekstremitas bagian bawah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Menutup dan membuka lutut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10 x / jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Memutar lutut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
x / jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Mengaktifkan quatriseps<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 - 10 detik, 10 x / jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Abdominal / pelvis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Mengkaji dasar pelvis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tiap hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Mengangkat pinggul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 detik ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 x / 2x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Gerakan bersepeda dengan terus-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
menerus terlentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5x / 2x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Mengangkat bokong<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 detik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 x /2 x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Mengangkat kepala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 detik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 x / 2x sehari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instruksi masa nifas
adalah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bekerja </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ibu seharusnya menghindari kerja berat (misalnya mengangkat
/ membawa beban) pada 3 minggu pertama. Pada ibu-ibu yang mempunyai pengertian
berbeda tengan kerja berat dapat mendiskusikan dengan ibu-ibu yang lain.
Perawat dapat membantu mengidentifikasikan pengertian dari kerja berat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Biasanya dianjurkan tidak bekerja selama 3 minggu ( lebih
baik 6 minggu), bukan saja untuk kesehatan tetapi juga untuk mendapatkan
kesempatan lebih dekat dengan bayinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Istirahat</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ibu sebaiknya mengusahakan bisa tidur siang dan tidur malam
yang cukup. Ibu biasanya tidur siang selagi bayi tidur dan minta suami/keluarga
menggantikan tugas-tugas yang ada. Mintalah keluarga / suami untuk membantu
tugas-tugas rumah tangga.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kegiatan / aktifitas /
latihan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada minggu pertama ibu seharusnya memulai latihan berjalan
setahap demi setahap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada minggu ke dua, jika lokea normal dapat memulai latihan
aktifitas lain yang akan direncanakan seperti mencuci popok setiap hari
walaupun dengan memakai mesin cuci, naik turun tangga untuk melihat bayinya
atau berada setiap saat disamping bayinya. Ibu seharusnya melanjutkan senam
nifas di rumah seperti halnya sit up dan mengangkat kaki.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kebersihan </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ibu harus tetap bersih, segar dan wangi. Merawat perineum
dengan baik dengan menggunakan antiseptik (PK / Dethol) dan selalu diingat
bahwa membersihkan perineum dari arah depan ke belakang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coitus</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Coitus lebih segera setelah lokea menjadi alba dan bila ada
episiotomi sudah membaik / sembuh ( minggu 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>setelah persalinan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sel-sel vagina mungkin tidak setebal sebelumnya karena keseimbangan
hormon prepregnansi belum kembali secara lengkap. Gunakan kontrasepsi busa atau
jeli akan membantu kenyamanan dan pengaturan posisi yang bisa mengurangi
penekanan atau dispariunia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kontrasepsi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jika ibu menginginkan memakai IUD, dapat dipasang segera
setelah persalinan atau chekup post partum yang pertama. Jenis kontrasepsi yang
memakai diafragma harus pada minggu ke 6 , kontrasepsi oral dimulai antara 2 -3
minggu post partum sampai kembali pada chekup berikutnya. Ibu dan pasangannya
dapat menggunakan kombinasi antara jelly yang mengandung spermatid dengan
kondom lebih dapat mencegah pembuahan. Konsultasi dalam memilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat kontrasepsi harus kepada tenaga
kesehatan yang berkopeten untuk mencegah kesalahan informasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BAYI</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan serta perubahan kebutuhan bayi
(seperti rangsangan, latihan, dan kotak sosial) selalu menjadi tanggung jawab
orang tua dalam memenuhinya dengan mengikuti aturan dan gambaran yang diberikan
selama perencanaan pulang .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah :</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Temperatur / suhu</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sebab-sebab penurunan suhu tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Catat gejala-gejala yang timbul seperti kelemahan,
bersin, batuk dll.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara-cara mengurangi / menurunkan suhu tubuh seperti
kompres dingin, mencegah bayi terkena sinar matahari terlalu lama, dan
lain-lain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gunakan lampu penghangat / selimut tambahan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ukur suhu tubuh </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pernapasan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan frekwensi dan irama napas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Refleks-refleks seperti; bersin, batuk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pencegahan terhadap asap rokok, infeksi orang terkena
infeksi saluran napas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gejala-gejala pnemonia aspirasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eliminasi</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan warna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan kosistensi feses</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan warna urin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keamanan</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah bayi dari trauma seperti; kejatuhan benda
tajam (pisau, gunting) yang mudah dijangkau oleh bayi / balita.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah benda panas, listrik, dan lainnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjaga keamanan bayi selama perjalanan dengan
menggunakan mobil atau sarana lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengawasan yang ketat terhadap bayi oleh saudara -
saudaranya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ADAPTASI FISIOLOGIS
PADA MASA POST PARTUM/NIFAS</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sebelum membahas tentang perubahan-perubahan pada masa nifas
baik fisiologis maupun psikologis, maka kelompok akan menjelaskan terlebih
dahulu tentang pengertian nifas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Masa nifas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
suatu masa dimana tubuh menyesuaikan baik fisik maupun psikologis terhadap
proses melahirkan yang lamanya kurang lebih 6 minggu. Selain itu, pengertian
masa nifas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah masa mulainya
persalinan sampai pulihnya alat-alat dan anggota badan yang berhubungan dengan
kehamilan / persalinan. (Ahmad Ramli. 1989).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dari dua pengertian di atas kelompok menyimpulkan bahwa masa
nifas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah masa sejak selesainya
persalinan hingga pulihnya alat-alat kandungan dan anggota badan serta
psikososial yang berhubungan dengan kehamilan / persalinan selama 6 minggu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dalam proses adaptasi pada masa post partum terdapat 3
(tiga) periode yang meliputi “immediate puerperium” yaitu 24 jam pertama
setelah melahirkan, “ early puerperium” yaitu setelah 24 jam hingga 1 minggu,
dan “late puerperium” yaitu setelah 1 minggu sampai dengan 6 minggu post
partum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan fisiologis terjadi sejak hari pertama melahirkan.
Adapun perubahan fisik yang terjadi adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sistem kardiovaskuler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sebagai kompensasi jantung dapat terjadi brandikardi 50 - 70
x/menit, keadaan ini dianggap normal pada 24 - 48 jam pertama. Perubahan suhu
yang meningkat sampai dengan 38 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> Celsius sebagai akibat pemakaian tenaga dan banyak
berkeringat saat melahirkan. Peningkatan suhu tubuh lebih dari 38 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span>
Celsius menunjukan adanya tanda-tanda infeksi pada post partum seperti
mastitis, endometritits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penurunan
tekanan darah sistolik 20 mmHg pada saat klien merubah posisi dari berbaring ke
duduk lebih disebabkan oleh refleks ortostatik hipertensi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Diaporesis Post partum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Klien dapat mengeluarkan keringat yang banyak disertai
perasaan menggigil. Perasaan ini terjadi karena vasomotor yang tidak stabil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan sistem urinarius</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Selama masa persalinan trauma pada kandung kemih dapat
mengakibatkan edema dan mengurangi sensitifitas kandung kemih. Perubahan ini
dapat terjadi sebagai akibat peregangan yang berlebihan dan pengosongan kandung
kemih yang tidak tuntas. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bila klien lebih dari dua hari tidak dapat buang air kecil,
maka keadaan ini merupakan hal yang tidak normal. Protein urin pada hari kedua
adalah normal, karena kebutuhan protein yang dikatalisis involusi uteri
meningkat. Bila ini berlangsung sampai dengan hari ke tujuh, menandakan adanya
gejala preeklamsi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gastro intestinal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keadaan gastro intestinal kembali berfungsi ke keadaan
semula setelah satu minggu post partum. Konstipasi terjadi akibat penurunan
motilitas usus, kehilangan cairan tubuh dan rasa tidak nyaman di daerah
perineum, penggunaan enema pada kala I dan penurunan tonus otot abdominal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keadaan muskuloskeletal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada masa kehamilan otot abdomen meregang sedemikian rupa
dikarenakan pembesaran uterus yang mengakibatkan otot abdomen melemas dan
kendor sehingga teraba bagian otot-otot yang terpisah disebut diastasis recti
abdominis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan sisten endokrin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan sistem endokrin disini terjadi penurunan segera
kadar hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Hormon prolaktin pada masa laktasi akan
meningkat sebagai respon stimulasi penghisapan puting susu ibu oleh bayi. Pada
wanita yang tidak menyusui hormon estrogen dapat meningkat dan merangsang
pematangan folikel. Untuk itu menstruasi dapat terjadi 12 minggu post partum,
pada klien menyusui dapat lebih lama (36 minggu).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan pada payudara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Payudara dapat membengkak karena sistem vaskularisasi dan
limfatik disekitar payudara dan mengakibatkan perasaan tegang dan sakit.
Pengeluaran air susu ke duktus lactiferus oleh kontraksi sel-sel mioepitel
tergantung pada sekresi oksitosin dan rangsangan penghisapan puting susu oleh
bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan uterus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Involusi uterus terjadi segera setelah melahirkan. Tinggi
fundus uteri pada saat plasenta lahir 1 - 2 jam setinggi 1 jari di atas pusat,
12 jam setelah melahirkan tinggi fundus uteri pertengahan pusat dan sympisis,
pada hari ke sembilan uterus tidak teraba lagi. Bersama involusi uterus ini
teraba terdapat pengeluaran lochea. Lochea pada hari ke 1 - 3 berwarna merah
muda (rubra), pada hari ke 4 - 9 warna coklat / pink (serosa), pada hari ke- 9
warna kuning sampai putih (alba).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan dinding vagina</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Segera setelah melahirkan dinding vagina tampak edema, memar
serta rugae atau lipatan-lipatan halus tidak ada lagi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada daerah perineum akan tampak goresan akibat regangan
pada saat melahirkan dan bila dilakukan episiotomi akan menyebabkan rasa tidak
nyaman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ADAPTASI PSIKOLOGI PADA MASA POST PARTUM</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I. Adaptasi Psikologi
Ibu </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menjadi orang tua merupakan suatu krisis tersendiri dan
harus melewati masa transisi. Masa transisi pada post partum yang harus
diperhatikan perawat adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Honeymoon adalah fase setelah anak lahir dan dan
terjadi kontak yang lama antara ibu, ayah, anak. Kala ini dapat dikatakan
sebagai psikis honeymoon yang memerlukan hal-hal romantis masing-masing saling
memperhatikan anaknya dan menciptakan hubungan yang baru.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>“ Bonding Attachment ” atau ikatan kasih </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dimulai sejak dini begitu bayi dilahirkan.
“Bonding” adalah suatu istilah untuk menerangkan hubungan antara ibu dan anak.
Sedangkan “attachment” adalah suatu keterikatan antara orang tua dan anak.
Peran perawat penting sekali untuk memikirkan bagaimana hal tersebut dapat
terlaksana. Partisipasi suami dalam proses persalinan merupakan salah satu
upaya untuk meningkatkan ikatan kasih tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perubahan psikologis pada klien post partum akan dikuti oleh
perubahan psikologis secara simultan sehingga klien harus beradaptasi secara
menyeluruh. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menurut klasifikasi Rubin terdapat tiga tingkat psikologis
klien setelah melahirkan adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Taking In”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Suatu periode dimana ibu hanya berorientasi pada kebutuhan
diri sendiri, tingkah laku klien pasif dengan berdiam diri, tergantung pada
orang lain. Ibu belum mempunyai inisiatif untuk kontak dengan bayinya. Dia
sangat membutuhkan orang lain untuk membantu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kebutuhannya yang utama adalah istirahat dan makan. Selain itu ibu mulai
menerima pengalamannya dalam melahirkan dan menyadari bahwa hal tersebut adalah
nyata. Periode ini berlangsung 1 - 2 hari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menurut Gottible, ibu akan mengalami “proses mengetahui/menemukan
“ yang terdiri dari :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Identifikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ibu
mengidentifikasi bagian-bagian dari fisik bagyi, gambaran tubuhnya untuk
menyesuaikan dengan yang diharapkan atau diimpikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Relating (menghubungkan) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ibu
menggambarkan anaknya mirip dengan anggota keluarga yang lain, baik dari
tingkah lakunya dan karakteristiknya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menginterpretasikan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ibu mengartikan tingkah laku bayi dan kebutuhan
yang dirasakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada fase ini dikenal dengan istilah “ fingertip touch”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“ Taking Hold “</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Periode dimana terjadi perpindahan dari keadaan
ketergantungan keadaan mandiri. Perlahan-lahan tingkat energi klien meningkat
merasa lebih nyaman dan mulai berfokus pada bayi yang dilahirkan. Klien lebih
mandiri, dan pada akhirnya mempunyai inisiatif untuk merawat dirinya, mampu
untuk mengontrol fungsi tubuh, fungsi eliminasi dan memperhatikan aktifitas
yang dilakukannya setiap hari. Jika ibu merawat bayinya, maka ia harus
memperhatikan kualitas dan kuantitas dari produksi ASI. Selain itu, ibu
seharusnya tidak hanya mengungkapkan keinginannya saja akan tetapi harus
melakukan hal tersebut, misalnya keinginan berjalan, duduk, bergerak seperti
sebelum melahirkan. Disini juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klien
sangat antusias merawat bayinya. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pada
fase ini merupakan saat yang tepat untuk memberikan pendidikan perawatan utnuk
dirinya dan bayinya. </b>Pada saat ini perawat mutlak memberikan semua tindakan
keperawatan seperti halnya menghadapi kesiapan ibu menerima bayi,
petunjuk-petunjuk yang harus diikuti tentang bagaimana cara mengungkapkan dan
bagaimana mengaturnya. Perawat harus berhati-hati dalam memberikan instruksi
dan tidak memaksakan kehendaknya sendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apabila klien merasa tidak mampu berbuat seperti yang
diperbuat oleh perawat, maka perawat harus turun langsung membantu ibu dalam
melaksanakan kegiatan / tugas yang nyata (setelah pemberian demonstrasi yang
penting) dan memeberi pujian untuk setiap tindakan yang tepat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bila ibu sudah merasakan lebih nyaman, maka ibu sudah masuk
dalam tahap ke- 2 “ maternal touch”, yaitu “total hand contact” dan akhirnya
pada tahap ke- 3 yang disebut “ enfolding”. Dan periode ini berlangsung selama
10 hari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Letting Go”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada fase ini klien sudah mampu merawat dirinya sendiri dan
mulai disibukan oleh tanggung jawabnya sebagai ibu. Secara umum fase ini
terjadi ketika ibu kembali ke rumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada fase ini ibu mengalami 2 perpisahan, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengerti dan menerima bentuh fisik dari bayinya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melepaskan peran ibu sebelum memiliki anak,
menjadi ibu yang merawat anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Post partum Blues”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada fase ini , terjadi perubahan kadar hormon estrogen dan progesteron
yang menurun, selain itu klien tidak siap dengan tugas-tugas yang harus
dihadapinya. Post partum blues biasanya terjadi 6 minggu setelah melahirkan.
Gejala yang tampak adalah menangis, mudah tersinggung, gangguan nafsu makan,
gangguan pola tidur, dan cemas. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bila keadaan ini berlangsung lebih dari 2 minggu dan klien
tidak mampu menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan tugasnya, maka keadaan ini dapat
menjadi serius yaitu keadaan post partum depresi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">II. Adaptasi
Psikologis Ayah</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Respon ayah pada masa sesudah klien melahirkan tergantung
keterlibatanya selama proses persalinan, biasanya ayah akan merasa lelah, ingin
selalu dekat dengan isteri dan anaknya, tetepi kadang-kadang terbentur dengan
peraturan rumah sakit. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">III. Adaptasi
Psikologis Keluarga</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kehadiran bayi baru lahir dalam keluarga menimbulkan
perubahan peran dan hubungan dalam keluarga tersebut, misalnya anak yang lebih
besar menjadi kakak, orang tua menjadi kakek / nenek, suami dan isteri harus
saling membagi perhatian. Bila banyak anggoata yang membantu merawat bayi, maka
keadaan tidaklah sesulit dengan tidak ada yang membantu, sementara klien harus
ikut aktif melibatkan diri dalam merawat bayi dan membantu rumah tangga.</div>
<div class="MsoTitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Daftar Kepustakaan</b></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
Bobak and Jansen (1984), Etential of Nursing. St. Louis : The CV Mosby
Company</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hawkins, J.W. and Gorsine, B. (1985), Post Partum Nursing, New York:
Springen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nelson J.P. and May, K.A.(1986), Comprehensive Maternity
Nursing. Philadelphia
: J.B. Lippincot Company.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reeder,S.J. et al.(1983), Maternity Nursing, Philadelphia : J.B.
Lippincot Company.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-58779336404121802302013-01-13T17:24:00.001-08:002013-01-13T17:24:21.915-08:00ASKEP ANAK DENGAN HIPERAKTIF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoSubtitle">
HIPERAKTIF</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengertian</h1>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
Sindroma hiperaktivitas merupakan istilah gangguan
kekurangan perhatian menandakan gangguan-gangguan sentral yang terdapat pada
anak-anak, yang sampai saat ini dicap sebagai menderita hiperaktivitas,
hiperkinesis, kerusakan otak minimal atau disfungsi serebral minimal. (Nelson,
1994)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Etiologi</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pandangan-pandangan
serta pendapat–pendapat mengenai asal usul, gambaran–gambaran, bahkan mengenai
realitas daripada gangguan ini masih berbeda–beda serta dipertentangkan satu
sama lainnya. Beberapa orang berkeyakinan bahwa gangguan tersebut mungkin
sekali timbul sebagai akibat dari gangguan–gangguan di dalam neurokimia atau
neurofisiologi susunan syaraf pusat. Istilah gangguan kekurangan perhatian
merujuk kepada apa yang oleh banyak orang diyakini sebagai gangguan yang
utamanya. Sindroma tersebut diduga disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, pembuahan
ataupun racun, bahaya–bahaya yang diakibatkan terjadinya prematuritas atau
immaturitas, maupun rudapaksa, anoksia atau penyulit kelahiran lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Telah dilakukan pula pemeriksaan tentang temperamen sebagai
kemungkinan merupakan faktor yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mempermudah timbulnya gangguan tersebut, sebagaimana halnya dengan
praktek pendidikan serta perawatan anak dan kesulitan emosional di dalam
interaksi orang tua anak yang bersangkutan. Sampai sekarang tidak ada satu atau
beberapa faktor penyebab pasti yang tidak dapat diperlihatkan.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Patofisiologi </h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kurang
konsentrasi/gangguan hiperaktivitas ditandai dengan gangguan konsentrasi, sifat
impulsif, dan hiperaktivitas. Tidak terdapat bukti yang meyakinkan tentang
sesuatu mekanisme patofisiologi ataupun gangguan biokimiawi. Anak pria yang
hiperaktiv, yang berusia antara 6 – 9 tahun serta yang mempunyai IQ yang
sedang, yang telah memberikan tanggapan yang baik terhadap pengobatan–pengobatan
stimulan, memperlihatkan derajat perangsangan yang rendah (<i>a low level of
arousal</i>) di dalam susunan syaraf pusat mereka, sebelum pengobatan tersebut
dilaksanakan, sebagaimana yang berhasil diukur dengan mempergunakan
elektroensefalografi, potensial–potensial yang diakibatkan secara auditorik
serta sifat penghantaran kulit. Anak pria ini mempunyai skor tinggi untuk
kegelisahan, mudahnya perhatian mereka dialihkan, lingkup perhatian mereka yang
buruk serta impulsivitas. Dengan 3 minggu pengobatan serta perawatan, maka
angka–angka laboratorik menjadi lebih mendekati normal serta penilaian yang
diberikan oleh para guru mereka memperlihatkan tingkah laku yang lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Manifestasi Klinik</h1>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
Ukuran objektif tidak memperlihatkan bahwa anak yang
terkena gangguan ini memperlihatkan aktifitas fisik yang lebih banyak, jika
dibandingkan dengan anak–anak kontrol yang normal, tetapi gerakan–gerakan yang
mereka lakukan kelihatan lebih kurang bertujuan serta mereka selalu gelisah dan
resah. Mereka mempunyai rentang perhatian yang pendek, mudah dialihkan serta
bersifat impulsif dan mereka cenderung untuk bertindak tanpa mempertimbangkan
atau merenungkan akibat tindakan tersebut. Mereka mempunyai toleransi yang
rendah terhadap perasaan frustasi dan secara emosional mereka adalah
orang–orang yang labil serta mudah terangsang. Suasana perasaan hati mereka
cenderung untuk bersifat netral atau pertenangan, mereka kerap kali
berkelompok, tetapi secara sosial mereka bersikap kaku. Beberapa orang di
antara mereka bersikap bermusuhan dan negatif, tetapi ciri ini sering terjadi
secara sekunder terhadap permasalahan–permasalahan psikososial yang mereka
alami. Beberapa orang lainnya sangat bergantung secara berlebih–lebihan, namun
yang lain lagi bersikap begitu bebas dan merdeka, sehingga kelihatan sembrono.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kesulitan-kesulitan
emosional dan tingkah laku lazim ditemukan dan biasanya sekunder terhadap
pengaruh sosial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang negatif dari
tingkah laku mereka. Anak-anak ini akan menerima celaan dan hukuman dari orang
tua serta guru dan pengasingan sosial oleh orang-orang yang sebaya dengan
mereka. Secara kronik mereka mengalami kegagalan di dalam tugas-tugas akademik
mereka dan banyak diantara mereka tidak cukup terkoordinasi serta cukup mampu
mengendalikan diri sendiri untuk dapat berhasil di dalam bidang olah raga.
Mereka mempunyai gambaran mengenai diri mereka sendiri yang buruk serta
mempunyai rasa harga diri yang rendah dan kerap kali mengalami depresi.
Terdapat angka kejadian tinggi mengenai ketidakmampuan belajar membaca matematika,
mengeja serta tulis tangan. Prestasi akademik mereka dapat tertinggal 1 – 2
tahun dan lebih sedikit daripada yang sesunguhnya diharapkan dari kecerdasan
mereka yang diukur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan Penunjang</h1>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
Tidak ada pemeriksaan laboratorium yang akan
menegakkan diagnosis gangguan kekurangan perhatian. Anak yang mengalami
hiperaktivitas dilaporkan memperlihatkan jumlah gelombang-gelombang lambat yang
bertambah banyak pada elektorensefalogram mereka, tanpa disertai dengan adanya
bukti tentang penyakit neurologik atau epilepsi yang progresif, tetapi penemuan
ini mempunyai makna yang tidak pasti. Suatu EEG yang dianalisis oleh komputer
akan dapat membantu di dalam melakukan penilaian tentang ketidakmampuan belajar
pada anak itu.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Komplikasi</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosis
sekunder- gangguan konduksi, depresi dan penyakit ansietas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pencapaian
akademik kurang, gagal di sekolah, sulit membaca dan mengerjakan aritmatika
(sering kali akibat abnormalitas konsentrasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Hubungan
dengan teman sebaya buruk (sering kali akibat perilaku agresif dan kata-kata
yang diungkapkan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penatalaksanaan Medis</h1>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
Rencana pengobatan bagi anak dengan gangguan ini
terdiri atas penggunaan psikostimulan, modifikasi perilaku, pendidikan orang
tua, dan konseling keluarga. Orang tua mungkin mengutarakan kekhawatirannya
tentang penggunaan obat. Resiko dan keuntungan dari obat harus dijelaskan pada
orang tua, termasuk pencegahan skolastik dan gangguan sosial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terus menerus karena pengunaan obat-obat
psikostimulan. <i>Rating scale Conners</i> dapat digunakan sebagai dasar
pengobatan dan untuk memantau efektifitas dari pengobatan.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
Psikostimulan- metilfenidat (Ritalin), amfetamin
sulfat (Benzedrine), dan dekstroamfetamin sulfat (Dexedrine)- dapat memperbaiki
rentang perhatian dan konsentrasi anak dengan meningkatkan efek paradoksikal pada
kebanyakan anak dan sebagian orang dewasa yang menderita gangguan ini.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>BAB
III</b></div>
<h2>
ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kaji riwayat keluarga melalui wawancara
atau genogram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Data yang dapat diperoleh
apakah anak tersebut lahir premature, berat badan lahir rendah, anoksia,
penyulit kehamilan lainnyan atau ada faktor genetik yang diduga sebagai
penyebab dari gangguan hiperaktivitas pada anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kaji riwayat perilaku anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; font-variant: normal !important; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Riwayat perkembangan, dimana dulu
seorang bayi yang gesit, aktif dan banyak menuntut, yang mempunyai tanggapan –
tanggapan yang mendalam dan kuat, dengan disertai kesulitan – kesulitan makan
dan tidur, kerap kali pada bulan – bulan pertama kehidupannya, sukar untuk
menjadi tenang pada waktu akan tidur serta lambat untuk membentuk irama
diurnal. Kolik dilaporkan agak umum terjadi pada mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8.0pt; font-variant: normal !important; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Laporan guru tentang permasalahan –
permasalahan akademis serta tingkah laku di dalam kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Diagnosa Keperawatan</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kerusakan
interaksi sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Gangguan
konsep diri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Resiko
tinggi penatalaksanaan program terapeutik tidak efektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Resiko
tinggi perubahan peran menjadi orang tua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Resiko
tinggi kekerasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -99.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Resiko
tinggi mencederai diri sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perencanaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
Intervensi keperawatan umumnya diimplementasikan
pada pasien rawat jalan dan komunitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Bantu orang tua dalam mengimplementasikan
program perilaku agar mencakup penguatan yang positif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Latih kefokusan anak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jangan tekan anak, terima
keadaannya. Perlakukan anak dengan hangat dan sabar, tapi konsisten dan tegas
dalam menerapkan norma dan tugas. Kalau anak tidak bisa diam di satu tempat,
coba pegang kedua tangannya dengan lembut, kemudian ajak untuk duduk dan diam.
Mintalah agar anak menatap mata anda ketika bicara atau diajak berbicara.
Berilah arahan dengan nada lembut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Telatenlah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jika anak telah betah untuk
duduklebih lama, bimbinglah anak untuk melatih koordinasi mata dan tangan
dengan cara menghubungkan titik – titik yang membentuk angka atau huruf.
Selanjutnya anak diberi latihan menggambar bentuk sederhana dan mewarnai. Bisa
pula mulai diberikan latihan berhitung dengan berbagai variasi penjumlahan,
pengurangan, perkalian, dan pembagian. Mulailah dengan penjumlahan atau
pengurangan dengan angka-angka di bawah 10. Setelah itu baru diperkenalkan
konsep angka 0 dengan benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Bangkitkan kepercayaan diri anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Gunakan teknik pengelolaan
perilaku, seperti menggunakan penguat positif. Misalnya memberikan pujian bila
anak makan dengan tertib. Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan rasa percaya diri anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kenali arah minatnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jika anak bergerak terus
jangan panik, ikutkan saja dan catat baik-baik, kemana sebenarnya tujuan
keaktifan dari anak. Yang paling penting adalah mengenali bakat anak secara
dini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Minta anak bicara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anak hiperaktif cenderung
susah berkomunikasi dan bersosialisasi. Karena itu Bantu anak dalam
bersosialisasi agar ia mempelajari nilai – nilai apa saja yang diterima di
kelompoknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Sediakan
struktur kegiatan harian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anak hendaknya mempunyai
daftar kegiatan harian yang berjalan dengan teratur menurut jadwal yang
ditetapkan dan hendaknya segera mengikuti serta melaksanakan kegiatan rutinnya
itu, sebagaimana iharkn dari dirinya dan untuk itu anak dihadiahi kata – kata
pujian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perangsangan yang berlebihan
serta kelelahan yang sangat hebat hendaknya dihindarkan. Anak membutuhkan saat
santai setelah bermain, terutama setelah ia melakukan kegiatan fisik yang kuat
dan keras. Periode sebelum tidur harus merupakan masa tenang, dengan cara
menghindarkan acara televisi yang merangsang, permainan yang keras dan jungkir
balik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Beri
obat stimulans sesuai instruksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Stimulans dapat dihentikan sementara
pada akhir pekan dan hari libur. Di mana untuk menentukan apakah kemampuan
pengendalian yang dimiliki oleh anak itu sendiri telah mengalami suatu
kemajuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Stimulans tidak diberikan sesudah pukul
3 atau 4 sore, dimana efek samping stimulans adalah insomnia. Insomnia dapat
dicegah dengan tidak lagi memberikan pengobatan perangsang setelah jam 3 sore
serta mengatur sedemikian rupa, sehingga periode sebelum tidur itu merupakan
saat yang tenang serta tidak merangsang.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perencanaan Pemulangan (Discharge Planning) dan
Perawatan di Rumah</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Didik
dan bantu orang tua dan anggota keluarganya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Berkolaborasi dengan guru dan libatkan
orang tua. Dorong orang tua untuk menjamin bahwa guru dan perawat sekolah
mengetahui tentang nama, dosis dan waktu minum obat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pastikan bahwa anak mendapatkan evalusi
dan bimbingan akademik yang diperlukan. Memasukkan anak dalam kelas pendidikan
khusus sering kali diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pantau kemajuan dan respons anak
terhadap pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Rujuk ke spesialis perilaku dan orang
tua untuk mengembangkan dan mengimplementasikan rencana perilaku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Hasil yang Diharapkan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Prestasi di sekolah meningkat,
dibuktikan oleh nilai dan tugas-tugas yang diselesaikan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perilaku
anak semakin baik menurut penilaian guru dan orang tua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anak
menunjukkan hubungan yang positif dengan teman sebaya.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal;">
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
L. Betz, Cecily, A. Sowden, Linda<i>. Buku Saku
Keperawatan Pediatri</i>. Edisi 3. Alih Bahasa Jan Tambayong. Jakarta, EGC, 2002</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nelson. <i>Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</i>.
Bagian 1. Alih Bahasa Hunardja S. Jakarta, Widya
Medika, 2002</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nelson, <i>Ilmu Pediatri Perkembangan</i>.
Alih Bahasa Moelia Radja Siregar. Jakarta,
EGC, 1994</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pilliteri, Adelle, <i>Child Health
Nursing Care of The Child and Family</i>. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Mengarahkan Anak Hiperaktif</span></i><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"> . 2004. <a href="http://www.suaramerdeka.com/">http://www.Suaramerdeka.com</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Penanganan Anak Hiperaktif</span></i><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">. 2004. http://www.republika,co.id</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-70867896398072034462013-01-09T17:38:00.000-08:002013-01-09T17:38:14.420-08:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN ASTHMA BRONCHIAL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KLIEN DENGAN ASTHMA
BRONCHIAL</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="Judul">
Definisi</div>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Asthma disebut juga sebagai reactive air way disease
(RAD), adalah suatu penyakit obstruksi pada jalan nafas secara riversibel yang
ditandai dengan bronchospasme, inflamasi dan peningkatan sekresi jalan napas
terhadap berbagai stimulan.</div>
<div class="Judul">
Patofisiologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Astma pada anak terjadi adanya penyempitan pada
jalan nafas dan hiperaktif dengan respon terhadap bahan iritasi dan stimulus
lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dengan adanya bahan iritasi atau allergen
otot-otot bronkus menjadi spasme dan zat antibodi tubuh muncul ( immunoglobulin
E atau IgE ) dengan adanya alergi. IgE di muculkan pada reseptor sel mast dan
akibat ikatan IgE dan antigen menyebabkan pengeluaran histamin dan zat mediator
lainnya. Mediator tersebut akan memberikan gejala asthma.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Respon astma terjadi dalam tiga tahap : pertama
tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">immediate </i>yang ditandai dengan
bronkokontriksi ( 1-2 jam ); tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delayed</i>
dimana brokokontriksi dapat berulang dalam 4-6 jam dan terus-menerus 2-5 jam
lebih lama ; tahap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">late </i>yang ditandai
dengan peradangan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hiperresponsif
jalan nafas beberapa minggu atau bulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Astma juga dapat terjadi faktor pencetusnya
karena latihan, kecemasan, dan udara dingin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Selama serangan asthmatik, bronkiulus menjadi
meradang dan peningkatan sekresi mukus. Hal ini menyebabkan lumen jalan nafas
menjadi bengkak, kemudian meningkatkan resistensi jalan nafas dan dapat
menimbulkan distres pernafasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anak yang mengalami astma mudah untuk inhalasi
dan sukar dalam ekshalasi karena edema pada jalan nafas.Dan ini menyebabkan
hiperinflasi pada alveoli dan perubahan pertukaran gas.Jalan nafas menjadi
obstruksi yang kemudian tidak adekuat ventilasi dan saturasi 0<sub>2</sub>,
sehingga terjadi penurunan <sub>p</sub>02 ( hipoxia).Selama serangan astmati,
CO2 terthan dengan meningkatnya resistensi jalan nafas selama ekspirasi, dan
menyebabkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acidosis respiratory</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hypercapnea</i>. Kemudian sistem pernafasan
akan mengadakan kompensasi dengan meningkatkan pernafasan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tachypnea)</i>, kompensasi tersebut menimbulkan hiperventilasi dan
dapat menurunkan kadar CO2 dalam darah (hypocapnea).<br />
Alergen, Infeksi, Exercise ( Stimulus Imunologik dan Non Imunologik )</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Merangsang
sel B untuk membentuk IgE dengan bantuan sel T helper</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
IgE
diikat oleh sel mastosit melalui reseptor FC yang ada di jalan napas</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Apabila
tubuh terpajan ulang dengan antigen yang sama, maka antigen tersebut akan
diikat oleh IgE yang sudah ada pada permukaan mastosit</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Akibat
ikatan antigen-IgE, mastosit mengalami degranulasi dan melepaskan mediator
radang ( histamin )</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Peningkatan
permeabilitas kapiler ( edema bronkus )</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Peningkatan
produksi mukus ( sumbatan sekret )</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kontraksi
otot polos secara langsung atau melalui persarafan simpatis ( N.X )</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Hiperresponsif
jalan napas</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Astma</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Gangguan pertukaran gas, tidak efektif bersihan
jalan nafas, dan tidak efektif pola nafas berhubungan dengan bronkospasme,
edema mukosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan meningkatnya
produksi sekret.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Fatigue berhubungan dengan hypoxia meningkatnya
usaha nafas.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kecemasan berhubungan dengan hospitalisasi dan
distress pernafasan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Resiko kurangnya volume cairan berhubungan dengan
meningkatnya pernafasan dan menurunnya intake cairan</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Perubahan proses keluarga berhubungan dengan
kondisi kronik</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kurangnya pengetahuan berhubungan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses penyakit dan pengobatan</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="Judul">
Komplikasi</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Mengancam pada gangguan keseimbangan asam basa dan
gagal nafas</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Chronik persistent bronchitis</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Bronchiolitis</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pneumonia</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Emphysema.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Judul">
Etiologi</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Faktor ekstrinsik :reaksi antigen- antibodi; karena
inhalasi alergen (debu, serbuk-serbuk, bulu-bulu binatang).</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Faktor intrinsik; infeksi : para <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">influenza virus, pneumonia,Mycoplasma..</i>Kemudian
dari fisik; cuaca dingin, perubahan temperatur. Iritan; kimia.Polusi udara
( CO, asap rokok, parfum ). Emosional; takut, cemas, dan tegang. Aktivitas
yang berlebihan juga dapat menjadi faktor pencetus.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Judul">
Manifestasi klinis</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Auskultasi :<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wheezing</i>,
ronki kering musikal, ronki basah sedang.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dyspnea</i>
dengan lama ekspirasi; penggunaan otot-otot asesori pernafasan, cuping
hidung, retraksi dada,dan stridor.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Batuk kering ( tidak produktif ) karena sekret
kental dan lumen jalan nafas sempit.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tachypnea,
orthopnea.</i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diaphoresis</i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Nyeri abdomen karena terlibatnya otot abdomen dalam
pernafasan.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fatigue</i>.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tidak toleransi terhadap aktivitas; makan, bermain,
berjalan, bahkan bicara.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kecemasan, labil dan perubahan tingkat kesadaran.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Meningkatnya ukuran diameter anteroposterior (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">barrel chest</i>) akibat ekshalasi yang
sulit karena udem bronkus sehingga kalau diperkusi hipersonor.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Serangan yang tiba-tiba atau berangsur.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Bila serangan hebat : gelisah, berduduk,
berkeringat, mungkin sianosis.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">X foto dada : atelektasis tersebar, “Hyperserated”</li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Judul">
Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Riwayat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penyakit dan pemeriksaan fisik</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Foto rontgen</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pemeriksaan fungsi paru; menurunnya tidal volume,
kapasitas vital, eosinofil biasanya meningkat dalam darah dan sputum</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pemeriksaan alergi</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pulse oximetri</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Analisa gas darah.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Judul">
Penatalaksanaan serangan asma akut :</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Oksigen nasal atau masker dan terapi cairan
parenteral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Adrenalin 0,1- 0,2 ml larutan : 1 : 1000,
subkutan. Bila perlu dapat diulang setiap 20 menit sampai 3 kali.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dilanjutkan atau disertai salah satu obat
tersebut di bawah ini ( per oral ) :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i>Golongan Beta 2- agonist untuk mengurangi
bronkospasme :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Þ<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Efedrin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 0,5 – 1 mg/kg/dosis, 3 kali/ 24
jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Þ<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Salbutamol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: 0,1-0,15 mg/kg/dosis, 3-4 kali/24 jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Þ<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Terbutalin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: 0,075 mg/kg/dosis, 3-4 kali/ 24 jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Efeknya tachycardia, palpitasi, pusing, kepala, mual, disritmia, tremor,
hipertensi dan insomnia, . Intervensi keperawatan jelaskan pada orang tua
tentang efek samping obat dan monitor efek samping obat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Golongan Bronkodilator, untuk dilatasi bronkus, mengurangi
bronkospasme dan meningkatkan bersihan jalan nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Þ<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Aminofilin : 4 mg/kg/dosis, 3-4 kali/24 jam</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Þ<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teofilin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: 3 mg/kg/dosis, 3-4 kali/24 jam </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemberian melalui intravena jangan
lebih dari 25 mg per menit.Efek samping tachycardia, dysrhytmia, palpitasi,
iritasi gastrointistinal,rangsangan sistem saraf pusat;gejala toxic;sering
muntah,haus, demam ringan, palpitasi, tinnitis, dan kejang. Intervensi
keperawatan; atur aliran infus secara ketat, gunakan alat infus kusus misalnya
infus pump.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Golongan steroid, untuk mengurangi pembengkakan mukosa
bronkus. Prednison<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 0,5 – 2
mg/kg/hari, untuk 3 hari (pada serangan hebat).</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 17.85pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>PENGKAJIAN </h1>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Identitas</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada asma episodik yang jarang,</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> biasanya terdapat pada anak umur 3-8 tahun.Biasanya oleh infeksi virus
saluran pernapasan bagian atas. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pada asma
episodik</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yang sering terjadi, </i>biasanya
pada umur sebelum 3 tahun, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berhubungan dengan infeksi saluran napas akut. Pada umur 5-6 tahun dapat
terjadi serangan tanpa infeksi yang jelas.Biasanya orang tua menghubungkan
dengan perubahan cuaca, adanya alergen, aktivitas fisik dan stres.Pada asma
tipe ini frekwensi serangan paling sering pada umur 8-13 tahun. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asma kronik atau persisten</i> terjadi 75%
pada umur sebeluim 3 tahun.Pada umur 5-6 tahun akan lebih jelas terjadi
obstruksi saluran pernapasan yang persisten dan hampir terdapat mengi setiap
hari.Untuk jenis kelamin tidak ada perbedaan yang jelas antara anak perempuan
dan laki-laki.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Keluhan utama</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Batuk-batuk dan sesak napas.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat penyakit sekarang</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Batuk, bersin, pilek, suara mengi dan sesak
napas.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat penyakit terdahulu</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anak pernah menderita penyakit yang sama pada
usia sebelumnya.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat penyakit keluarga</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyakit ini ada hubungan dengan faktor
genetik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari ayah atau ibu, disamping
faktor yang lain.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat kesehatan lingkungan</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bayi dan anak kecil sering berhubungan dengan
isi dari debu rumah, misalnya tungau, serpih atau buluh binatang, spora jamur
yang terdapat di rumah, bahan iritan: minyak wangi, obat semprot nyamuk dan
asap rokok dari orang dewasa.Perubahan suhu udara, angin dan kelembaban udara
dapat dihubungkan dengan percepatan terjadinya serangan asma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat tumbuh kembang</h2>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tahap pertumbuhan</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Pada anak umur lima tahun, perkiraan berat badan dalam
kilogram mengikuti patokan umur 1-6 tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaitu umur ( tahun ) x 2 + 8. Tapi ada rata-rata BB pada usia 3 tahun :
14,6 Kg, pada usia 4 tahun 16,7 kg dan 5 tahun yaitu 18,7 kg. Untuk anak usia
pra sekolah rata – rata pertambahan berat badan 2,3 kg/tahun.Sedangkan untuk
perkiraan tinggi badan dalam senti meter menggunakan patokan umur 2- 12 tahun
yaitu umur ( tahun ) x 6 + 77.Tapi ada rata-rata TB pada usia pra sekolah yaitu
3 tahun 95 cm, 4 tahun 103 cm, dan 5 tahun 110 cm. Rata-rata pertambahan TB
pada usia ini yaitu 6 – 7,5 cm/tahun.Pada anak usia 4-5 tahun fisik cenderung
bertambah tinggi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.7.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tahap perkembangan.</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan psikososial ( Eric Ercson ) :
Inisiatif vs rasa bersalah.Anak punya insiatif mencari pengalaman baru dan jika
anak dimarahi atau diomeli maka anak merasa bersalah dan menjadi anak peragu
untuk melakukan sesuatu percobaan yang menantang ketrampilan motorik dan
bahasanya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan psikosexsual ( Sigmund Freud ) :
Berada pada fase oedipal/ falik ( 3-5 tahun ).Biasanya senang bermain dengan
anak berjenis kelamin berbeda.Oedipus komplek ( laki-laki lebih dekat dengan
ibunya ) dan Elektra komplek ( perempuan lebih dekat ke ayahnya ).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan kognitif ( Piaget ) : Berada pada
tahap preoperasional yaitu fase preconseptual ( 2- 4 tahun ) dan fase pemikiran
intuitive ( 4- 7 tahun ). Pada tahap ini kanan-kiri belum sempurna, konsep
sebab akibat dan konsep waktu belum benar dan magical thinking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan moral berada pada prekonvensional
yaitu mulai melakukan kebiasaan prososial : sharing, menolong, melindungi,
memberi sesuatu, mencari teman dan mulai bisa menjelaskan peraturan- peraturan
yang dianut oleh keluarga.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan spiritual yaitu mulai mencontoh
kegiatan keagamaan dari ortu atau guru dan belajar yang benar – salah untuk
menghindari hukuman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan body image yaitu mengenal kata
cantik, jelek,pendek-tinggi,baik-nakal, bermain sesuai peran jenis kelamin,
membandingkan ukuran tubuhnya dengan kelompoknya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan sosial yaitu berada pada fase “
Individuation – Separation “. Dimana sudah bisa mengatasi kecemasannya terutama
pada orang yang tak di kenal dan sudah bisa mentoleransi perpisahan dari orang
tua walaupun dengan sedikit atau tidak protes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perkembangan bahasa yaitu vokabularynya
meningkat lebih dari 2100 kata pada akhir umur 5 tahun. Mulai bisa merangkai 3-
4 kata menjadi kalimat. Sudah bisa menamai objek yang familiar seperti
binatang, bagian tubuh, dan nama-nama temannya. Dapat menerima atau memberikan
perintah sederhana.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tingkah laku personal sosial yaitu dapat
memverbalisasikan permintaannya, lebih banyak bergaul, mulai menerima bahwa
orang lain mempunyai pemikiran juga, dan mulai menyadari bahwa dia mempunyai
lingkungan luar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l0 level7 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bermain jenis assosiative play yaitu bermain
dengan orang lain yang mempunyai permainan yang mirip.Berkaitan dengan
pertumbuhan fisik dan kemampuan motorik halus yaitu melompat, berlari,
memanjat,dan bersepeda dengan roda tiga.</div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat imunisasi</h2>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Anak usia pre sekolah sudah harus mendapat imunisasi
lengkap antara lain : BCG, POLIO I,II, III; DPT I, II, III; dan campak.</div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat nutrisi</h2>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Kebutuhan kalori 4-6 tahun yaitu 90
kalori/kg/hari.Pembatasan kalori untuk umur 1-6 tahun 900-1300 kalori/hari.
Untuk pertambahan berat badan ideal menggunakan rumus 8 + 2n. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Status Gizi<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Klasifikasinya sebagai berikut :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Gizi
buruk kurang dari 60%</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Gizi
kurang 60 % - <80 %</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Gizi
baik 80 % - 110 % </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Obesitas
lebih dari 120 %</div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dampak
Hospitalisasi</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Sumber stressor
:</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perpisahan</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Protes : pergi, menendang, menangis</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Putus asa : tidak aktif, menarik diri, depresi, regresi</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menerima : tertarik dengan lingkungan, interaksi</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kehilangan kontrol : ketergantungan fisik, perubahan
rutinitas, ketergantungan, ini akan menyebabkan anak malu, bersalah dan takut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo11; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perlukaan tubuh : konkrit tentang penyebab sakit.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lingkungan baru, memulai sosialisasi lingkungan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pemeriksaan
Fisik / Pengkajian Persistem </h2>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
Pernapasan / Respirasi </h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Sesak, batuk kering (tidak produktif), tachypnea,
orthopnea, barrel chest, penggunaan otot aksesori pernapasan, Peningkatan PCO<sub>2</sub>
dan penurunan O<sub>2</sub>,sianosis, perkusi hipersonor, pada auskultasi
terdengar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wheezing, ronchi basah sedang,
ronchi kering musikal.</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
Cardiovaskuler</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Diaporesis, tachicardia, dan kelelahan.</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
Persyarafan / neurologi</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Pada serangan yang berat dapat terjadi gangguan
kesadaran : gelisah, rewel, cengeng<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→
apatis → sopor → coma. </div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
perkemihan</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Produksi urin dapat menurun jika intake minum yang
kurang akibat sesak nafas.</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
Pencernaan / Gastrointestinal</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Terdapat nyeri tekan pada abdomen, tidak toleransi
terhadap makan dan minum, mukosa mulut kering.</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.11.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sistem
integumen</h3>
<div class="PAragraphUtama">
Berkeringat akibat usaha pernapasan klien terhadap
sesak nafas.</div>
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<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Diagnosa Keperawatan, Tujuan, Kriteria Hasil, Rencana
Intervensi</h1>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan pertukaran gas, tidak efektif bersihan jalan
nafas, dan tidak efektif pola nafas berhubungan dengan bronkospasme, udem
mukosal dan meningkatnya sekret.</div>
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Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
menunjukkan pertukaran gas yang normal, bersihan jalan nafas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang efektif dan pola nafas dalam batas
normal.</div>
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Kriteria
hasil <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PO2<sub> </sub>dan CO2 dalam batas nilai normal, tidak sesak nafas,
batuk produktif, cianosis tdak ada, tidak ada tachypnea,ronki dan wheesing
tidak ada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
Intervensi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertahankan kepatenan jalan nafas; pertahankan
support ventilasi bila diperlukan ( oksigen 2 ml dengan kanule ).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji fungsi pernafasan; auskultasi bunyi nafas,
kaji kulit setiap 15 menit sampai 4 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan oksigen sesuai program dan pantau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pulse oximetry</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji kenyamanan posisi tidur anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Monitor efek samping pengobatan; monitor serum
darah;theophyline dan catat kemudian laporkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dokter. Normalnya 10-20 ug/ml pada semua usia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan cairan yang adekuat per oral atau
peranteral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemberian terapi pernafasan; nebulizer,
fisioterapi dada, ajarkan batuk dan nafas dalam efektif setelah pengobatan dan
pengisapan sekret ( suction ).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan semua prosedur yang akan dilakukan pada
anak untuk menurunkan kecemasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan terapi bermai sesuai usia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Fatigue berhubungan dengan hipoksia dan meningkatnya
usaha nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 99.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
tidak tampak fatigue.</div>
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Kriteria
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak iritabel, dapat beradaptasi dan aktivitas sesuai dengan
kondisi.</div>
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Intervensi
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji tanda dan gejala hypoxia; kegelisahann
fatigue, iritabel, tachycardia, tachypnea.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari seringnya melakukan intervensi yang
tidak penting yang dapat membuat anak lelah, berikan istirahat yang cukup.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Intrusikan pada orang tua untuk tetap berada
didekat anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan kenyamanan fisik; support dengan bantal
dan pengaturan posisi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan oksigen humidifikasi sesuai program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan nebulizer; kemudian pantau bunyi nafas,
dan usaha nafas setelah terapi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah krisis, ajarkan untuk aktivitas yang
sesuai dengan tingkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan untuk meningkatkan
ventilasi,dan memperluas perkembangan psikososial.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kecemasan berhubungan dengan hospitalisasi dan distres
pernafasan.</div>
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Tujuan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kecemasan
menurun</div>
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Kriteria <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anak
tenang dan dapat mengekspresikan perasaannya, orang tua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merasa tenang dan berpartisipasi dalam
perawatan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ajarkan teknik relaksasi; latihan nafas,
melibatkan penggunaan bibir dan perut, dan ajarkan untuk berimajinasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertahankan lingkungan yang tenang ; temani
anak, dan berikan support.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ajarkan untuk ekspresi perasaan secara verbal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan terapi bermain sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kondisi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Informasikan tentang perawatan, pengobatan dan
kondisi anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan semua prosedur yang akan dilakukan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko kurangnya volume cairan berhubungan dengan
meningkatnya pernafasan dan menurunnya intake cairan.</div>
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Goal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Status
hidrasi adekuat </div>
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Kriteria <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Turgor
kulit elastis, membran mukosa lembab, intake cairan sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan usia dan berat badan, output urine
> 2 ml/ kg per jam.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Monitor intake dan output, mukosa membran,
turgor kulit, pengeluaran urin, ukur grapitasi urin atau berat jenis urin (
nilai 1.003-1030 ).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Monitor elektrolit </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji warna sputum, konsistensi dan jumlah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertahankan terapi parenteral bila indikasi, dan
monitor kelebihan caiaran ( overload )</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan intake cairan per oral bila toleran,
hati-hati minuman yang dapat meningkatkan bronkospasme ( air dingin ).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah fase akut, ajarkan anak dan orang tua
untuk minum 3-8 gelas (750-2000 ml), tergantung usia dan berat badan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perubahan proses keluarga berhubungan dengan kondisi
kronik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 81.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
Goal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orang
tua mendemonstrasikan koping yang tepat</div>
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Kriteria <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengekspresikan
perasaan dan perhatian serta memberikan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>aktivitas
yang sesuai usia atau kondisi dan perkembangan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>psikososial
pada anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan kesempatan pada orang tua untuk ekspresi
perasaan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji mekanisme koping sebelumnya pada waktu
stress</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan prosedur dan pengobatan yang diberikan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Informasikan kepada orang tua tentang kondisi
anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Identifikasi sumber-sumber psikososial keluarga
dan finansial</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kurangnya pengetahuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berhubungan dengan proses penyakit dan pengobatan.</div>
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Goal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orang
tua secara verbal memahami proses penyakit dan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pengobatan
dan mengikuti regimen terapi yang diberikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 81.0pt 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
Kriteria <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berpartispasi
dalam memberikan perawatan pada anak sesuai dengan program medik atau
perawatan, misalnya memberikan makan dan minum yang cukup, memberi minum obat
oral pada anak sesuai program. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji pengetahuan anak dan orang tua tentang
penyakit, pengobatan dan intervensi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bantu untuk mengidentifikasi faktor pencetus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan tentang emosi dan stres yang dapat
menjadi faktor pencetus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan tentang pentingnya pengobatan; dosis,
efek samping, waktu pemberian dan pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>darah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Informasikan tanda dan gejala yang harus
dilaporkan dan kontrol ulang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Informasikan pentingnya program aktivitas dan
latihan nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jelaskan tentang pentingnya terapi bermain
sesuai usia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perencanaan Pemulangan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan
proses penyakit dengan menggunakan gambar-gambar atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">phantom.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Fokuskan
pada perawatan mandiri di rumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Hindari
faktor pemicu; kebersihan lantai rumah, debu-debu, karpet, bulu binatang dan
lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan
tanda-tanda bahaya akan muncul.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Ajarkan
penggunaan nebulizer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Keluarga
perlu memahami tentang pengobatan; nama obat, dosis, efek samping, waktu
pemberian.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Ajarkan
strategi kontrol kecemasan, takut dan stress.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan
pentingnya istirahat dan latihan, termasuk latihan nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan
pentingnya intake cairan dan nutrisi yang adekuat.</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.1pt;">
Panitia Media Farmasi
dan Terapi. (1994). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedoman Diagnosis dan
Terapi </i>LAB/UPF Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Airlangga. Surabaya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.1pt;">
Soetjningsih. (1998). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tumbuh kembang anak</i> . Cetakan kedua.
EGC. Jakarta</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.1pt;">
Staff Pengajar Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak FKUI. (1985). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak.</i> Percetakan Infomedika Jakarta.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.1pt;">
Suriadi dan Yuliana
R.(2001) Asuhan Keperawatan pada Anak. Edisi 1 Penerbit CV Sagung Seto Jakarta.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-82310031708991424132013-01-05T15:35:00.002-08:002013-01-05T15:39:59.263-08:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN BAYI DENGAN HIRSCHPRUNG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Pengertian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><b>Penyakit Hirschprung </b>adalah kelainan bawaan penyebab
gangguan pasase usus (Ariff Mansjoer, dkk. 2000). Dikenalkan pertama kali oleh
Hirschprung tahun 1886. Zuelser dan Wilson , 1948 mengemukakan bahwa pada
dinding usus yang menyempit tidak ditemukan ganglion parasimpatis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Penyakit ini disebabkan aganglionosis Meissner dan Aurbach
dalam lapisan dinding usus, mulai dari spingter ani internus ke arah proksimal,
70 % terbatas di daerah rektosigmoid, 10 % sampai seluruh kolon dan sekitarnya
5 % dapat mengenai seluruh usus sampai pilorus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Komplikasi.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Enterokolitis nekrotikans, pneumatosis usus, abses
perikolon, perforasi dan septikemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Penatalaksanaan.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Konservatif. Pada neonatus
dilakukan pemasangan sonde lambung serta pipa rektal untuk mengeluarkan
mekonium dan udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Tindakan bedah sementara.
Kolostomi pada neonatus, terlambat diagnosis, eneterokolitis berat dan keadaan
umum buruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Tindakan bedah defenitif.
Mereseksi bagian usus yang aganglionosis dan membuat anastomosis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN">Asuhan Keperawatan.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pengkajian.</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Identitas.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Penyakit ini sebagian besar ditemukan pada bayi cukup bulan
dan merupakan kelainan tunggal. Jarang pada bayi prematur atau bersamaan dengan
kelainan bawaan lain. Pada segmen aganglionosis dari anus sampai sigmoid lebih
sering ditemukan pada anak laki-laki dibandingkan anak perempuan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan kelainan yang melebihi sigmoid
bahkan seluruh kolon atau usus halus ditemukan sama banyak pada anak laki-laki
dan perempuan (Ngastiyah, 1997). </span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Riwayat Keperawatan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Keluhan utama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Obstipasi merupakan tanda utama dan pada bayi baru lahir.
Trias yang sering ditemukan adalah mekonium yang lambat keluar (lebih dari 24
jam setelah lahir), perut kembung dan muntah berwarna hijau. Gejala lain adalah
muntah dan diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Riwayat penyakit sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Merupakan kelainan bawaan yaitu obstruksi usus fungsional.
Obstruksi total saat lahir dengan muntah, distensi abdomen dan ketiadaan
evakuasi mekonium. Bayi sering mengalami konstipasi, muntah dan dehidrasi.
Gejala ringan berupa konstipasi selama beberapa minggu atau bulan yang diikuti
dengan obstruksi usus akut. Namun ada juga yang konstipasi ringan,
enterokolitis dengan diare, distensi abdomen, dan demam. Diare berbau busuk
dapat terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Riwayat penyakit dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada penyakit terdahulu yang
mempengaruhi terjadinya penyakit Hirschsprung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Riwayat kesehatan keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada keluarga yang menderita penyakit ini diturunkan
kepada anaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Riwayat kesehatan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada hubungan dengan kesehatan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Imunisasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada imunisasi untuk bayi atau anak dengan penyakit
Hirschsprung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Riwayat pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Nutrisi.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pemeriksaan fisik.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem kardiovaskuler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sesak napas, distres pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem pencernaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Umumnya obstipasi. Perut kembung/perut tegang, muntah
berwarna hijau. Pada anak yang lebih besar terdapat diare kronik. Pada colok
anus jari akan merasakan jepitan dan pada waktu ditarik akan diikuti dengan
keluarnya udara dan mekonium atau tinja yang menyemprot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem genitourinarius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem saraf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem lokomotor/muskuloskeletal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Gangguan rasa nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem endokrin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem integumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Akral hangat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Sistem pendengaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Tidak ada kelainan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Pemeriksaan diagnostik dan hasil.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Foto polos abdomen tegak akan
terlihat usus-usus melebar atau terdapat gambaran obstruksi usus rendah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pemeriksaan dengan barium enema
ditemukan daerah transisi, gambaran kontraksi usus yang tidak teratur di bagian
menyempit, enterokolitis pada segmen yang melebar dan terdapat retensi barium
setelah 24-48 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Biopsi isap, mencari sel ganglion
pada daerah sub mukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Biopsi otot rektum, yaitu
pengambilan lapisan otot rektum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pemeriksaan aktivitas enzim
asetilkolin esterase dimana terdapat peningkatan aktivitas enzim asetilkolin
eseterase.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Masalah pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar
(pohon masalah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gangguan eliminasi BAB : obstipasi
berhubungan dengan spastis usus dan tidak adanya daya dorong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gangguan nutrisi kurang dari
kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan intake yang inadekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kekurangan cairan tubuh
berhubungan muntah dan diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gangguan rasa nyaman berhubungan
dengan adanya distensi abdomen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Koping keluarga tidak efektif
berhubungan dengan keadaan status kesehatan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Perencanaan Keperawatan</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 548.6pt;" valign="top" width="731"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Perencanaan Keperawatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.75pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Tujuan dan criteria hasil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.85pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Intervensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.0pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Rasional</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan eliminasi BAB : obstipasi berhubungan dengan spastis usus
dan tidak adanya daya dorong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.75pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pasien tidak mengalami ganggguan eliminasi dengan kriteria defekasi
normal, tidak distensi abdomen.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.85pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Monitor cairan yang keluar dari kolostomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pantau jumlah cairan kolostomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pantau pengaruh diet terhadap pola defekasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.0pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengetahui warna dan
konsistensi feses dan menentukan rencana selanjutnya</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Jumlah cairan yang keluar
dapat dipertimbangkan untuk penggantian cairan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui diet yang
mempengaruhi pola defekasi terganggu.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh berhubungan dengan
intake yang inadekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.75pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebutuhan nutrisi terpenuhi dengan kriteria dapat mentoleransi diet
sesuai kebutuhan secara parenteal atau per oral.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.85pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan nutrisi parenteral sesuai kebutuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pantau pemasukan makanan selama perawatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 16.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pantau atau timbang berat badan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.0pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi dan
cairan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengetahui keseimbangan
nutrisi sesuai kebutuhan 1300-3400 kalori</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui perubahan
berat badan</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kekurangan cairan tubuh berhubungan muntah dan diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.75pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebutuhan cairan tubuh terpenuhi dengan kriteria tidak mengalami
dehidrasi, turgor kulit normal.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.85pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Monitor tanda-tanda dehidrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Monitor cairan yang masuk dan keluar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan caiaran sesuai kebutuhan dan yang
diprograrmkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.0pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengetahui kondisi dan
menentukan langkah selanjutnya</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Untuk mengetahui keseimbangan
cairan tubuh</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mencegah terjadinya dehidrasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Gangguan rasa nyaman berhubungan dengan adanya distensi abdomen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.75pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kebutuhan rasa nyaman terpenuhi dengan kriteria tenang, tidak
menangis, tidak mengalami gangguan pola tidur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.85pt;" valign="top" width="254"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kaji
terhadap tanda nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan
tindakan kenyamanan : menggendong, suara halus, ketenangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Berikan
obat analgesik sesuai program</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 224.0pt;" valign="top" width="299"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengetahui tingkat nyeri dan
menentukan langkah selanjutnya</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Upaya dengan distraksi dapat
mengurangi rasa nyeri</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mengurangi persepsi terhadap nyeri
yamg kerjanya pada sistem saraf pusat</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Daftar
Pustaka</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Kuzemko, Jan, 1995, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemeriksaan
Klinis Anak,</i> alih bahasa Petrus Andrianto, cetakan III, EGC, Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Lyke, Merchant Evelyn, 1992, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Assesing for Nursing Diagnosis ; A Human Needs Approach,</i>J.B. Lippincott
Company, London.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Mansjoer, dkk. 2000, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapita
Selekta Kedokteran</i>, ed.3, Media Aesculapius, Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Ngastiyah, 1997, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perawatan
Anak Sakit, </i>EGC, Jakarta.</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-42793674572324809772013-01-05T15:33:00.002-08:002013-01-05T15:33:26.445-08:00ASKEP ANAK DENGAN IKTERUS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="Section1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASKEP ANAK DENGAN IKTERUS</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A. Batasan-Batasan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ikterus Fisiologis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ikterus
pada neonatus tidak selamanya patologis. Ikterus fisiologis adalah Ikterus yang
memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Hanifa, 1987):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Timbul pada hari kedua-ketiga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Biluirubin Indirek setelah 2 x 24 jam
tidak melewati 15 mg% pada neonatus cukup bulan dan 10 mg % pada kurang bulan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kecepatan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin tak
melebihi 5 mg % per hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Bilirubin direk kurang dari 1 mg %</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikterus hilang pada 10 hari pertama</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak terbukti mempunyai hubungan dengan keadan
patologis tertentu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ikterus Patologis/Hiperbilirubinemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Adalah
suatu keadaan dimana kadar Bilirubin dalam darah mencapai suatu nilai yang
mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan Kern Ikterus kalau tidak ditanggulangi
dengan baik, atau mempunyai hubungan dengan keadaan yang patologis. Brown
menetapkan Hiperbilirubinemia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bila kadar
Bilirubin mencapai 12 mg% pada cukup bulan, dan 15 mg % pada bayi kurang bulan.
Utelly menetapkan 10 mg% dan 15 mg%.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kern Ikterus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Adalah
suatu kerusakan otak akibat perlengketan Bilirubin Indirek pada otak terutama
pada Korpus Striatum, Talamus, Nukleus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Subtalamus, Hipokampus, Nukleus merah , dan Nukleus pada dasar
Ventrikulus IV.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">D. Etiologi</b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">Peningkatan produksi :</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hemolisis, misal pada Inkompatibilitas yang
terjadi bila terdapat ketidaksesuaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>golongan darah dan anak pada penggolongan Rhesus dan ABO.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pendarahan tertutup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>misalnya pada trauma kelahiran.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikatan Bilirubin dengan protein terganggu
seperti gangguan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolik yang terdapat
pada bayi Hipoksia atau Asidosis .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi G6PD/ Glukosa 6 Phospat
Dehidrogenase.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ikterus ASI yang disebabkan oleh dikeluarkannya
pregnan 3 (alfa), 20 (beta) , diol (steroid).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kurangnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enzim Glukoronil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transeferase ,
sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kadar Bilirubin Indirek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat misalnya pada berat lahir rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelainan kongenital (Rotor Sindrome) dan Dubin
Hiperbilirubinemia.</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan transportasi
akibat penurunan kapasitas pengangkutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>misalnya pada Hipoalbuminemia atau karena pengaruh obat-obat
tertentu misalnya Sulfadiasine.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan fungsi Hati yang
disebabkan oleh beberapa mikroorganisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau toksion yang dapat langsung merusak sel hati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan darah merah seperti Infeksi ,
Toksoplasmosis, Siphilis.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">Gangguan ekskresi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terjadi intra atau ekstra Hepatik.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3;">Peningkatan sirkulasi Enterohepatik
misalnya pada Ileus Obstruktif</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E . Metabolisme
Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segera
setelah lahir bayi harus mengkonjugasi Bilirubin (merubah Bilirubin yang larut
dalam lemak menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bilirubin yang mudah
larut dalam air) di dalam hati. Frekuensi dan jumlah konjugasi tergantung dari
besarnya hemolisis dan kematangan hati, serta jumlah tempat ikatan Albumin
(Albumin binding site). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
bayi yang normal dan sehat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta cukup
bulan, hatinya sudah matang dan menghasilkan Enzim Glukoronil Transferase yang memadai
sehingga serum Bilirubin tidak mencapai tingkat patologis.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">F. Patofisiologi
Hiperbilirubinemia</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peningkatan
kadar Bilirubin tubuh dapat terjadi pada beberapa keadaan . Kejadian yang
sering ditemukan adalah apabila terdapat penambahan beban Bilirubin pada sel
Hepar yang berlebihan. Hal ini dapat ditemukan bila terdapat peningkatan
penghancuran Eritrosit, Polisitemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gangguan
pemecahan Bilirubin plasma juga dapat menimbulkan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin
tubuh. Hal ini dapat terjadi apabila kadar protein Y dan Z berkurang, atau pada
bayi Hipoksia, Asidosis. Keadaan lain yang memperlihatkan peningkatan kadar
Bilirubin adalah apabila ditemukan gangguan konjugasi Hepar atau neonatus yang
mengalami gangguan ekskresi misalnya sumbatan saluran empedu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
derajat tertentu Bilirubin ini akan bersifat toksik dan merusak jaringan tubuh.
Toksisitas terutama ditemukan pada Bilirubin Indirek yang bersifat sukar larut
dalam air tapi mudah larut dalam lemak. sifat ini memungkinkan terjadinya efek
patologis pada sel otak apabila Bilirubin tadi dapat menembus sawar darah otak.
Kelainan yang terjadi pada otak disebut Kernikterus. Pada umumnya dianggap
bahwa kelainan pada saraf pusat tersebut mungkin akan timbul apabila kadar
Bilirubin Indirek lebih dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 mg/dl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mudah
tidaknya kadar Bilirubin melewati sawar darah otak ternyata tidak hanya
tergantung pada keadaan neonatus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bilirubin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indirek akan mudah
melalui sawar darah otak apabila bayi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat keadaan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah , Hipoksia, dan Hipoglikemia (
AH, Markum,1991).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">G. Penata Laksanaan
Medis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
pada penyebabnya, maka manejemen bayi dengan Hiperbilirubinemia diarahkan untuk
mencegah anemia dan membatasi efek dari Hiperbilirubinemia. Pengobatan mempunyai
tujuan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Anemia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Antibodi Maternal dan Eritrosit
Tersensitisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan Badan Serum Albumin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menurunkan Serum Bilirubin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode
therapi pada Hiperbilirubinemia meliputi : Fototerapi, Transfusi Pengganti,
Infus Albumin dan Therapi Obat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fototherapi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi
dapat digunakan sendiri atau dikombinasi dengan Transfusi Pengganti untuk
menurunkan Bilirubin. Memaparkan neonatus pada cahaya dengan intensitas yang
tinggi ( a boun of fluorencent light bulbs or bulbs in the blue-light spectrum)
akan menurunkan Bilirubin dalam kulit. Fototherapi menurunkan kadar Bilirubin
dengan cara memfasilitasi eksresi Biliar Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi. Hal ini
terjadi jika cahaya yang diabsorsi jaringan mengubah Bilirubin tak terkonjugasi
menjadi dua isomer yang disebut Fotobilirubin. Fotobilirubin bergerak dari
jaringan ke pembuluh darah melalui mekanisme difusi. Di dalam darah
Fotobilirubin berikatan dengan Albumin dan dikirim ke Hati. Fotobilirubin
kemudian bergerak ke Empedu dan diekskresi ke dalam Deodenum untuk dibuang
bersama feses tanpa proses konjugasi oleh Hati (Avery dan Taeusch 1984). Hasil
Fotodegradasi terbentuk ketika sinar mengoksidasi Bilirubin dapat dikeluarkan
melalui urine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fototherapi
mempunyai peranan dalam pencegahan peningkatan kadar Bilirubin, tetapi tidak
dapat mengubah penyebab Kekuningan dan Hemolisis dapat menyebabkan Anemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
umum Fototherapi harus diberikan pada kadar Bilirubin Indirek 4 -5 mg / dl.
Neonatus yang sakit dengan berat badan kurang dari 1000 gram harus di
Fototherapi dengan konsentrasi Bilirubun 5 mg / dl. Beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmuan mengarahkan untuk memberikan
Fototherapi Propilaksis pada 24 jam pertama pada Bayi Resiko Tinggi dan Berat
Badan Lahir Rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tranfusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengganti</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transfusi
Pengganti atau Imediat diindikasikan adanya faktor-faktor :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Titer anti Rh lebih dari 1 : 16 pada ibu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penyakit Hemolisis berat pada bayi baru lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penyakit Hemolisis pada bayi saat lahir perdarahan atau
24 jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tes Coombs Positif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kadar Bilirubin Direk lebih besar 3,5 mg / dl pada
minggu pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Serum Bilirubin Indirek lebih dari 20 mg / dl pada 48
jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hemoglobin kurang dari 12 gr / dl.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bayi dengan Hidrops saat lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bayi pada resiko terjadi Kern Ikterus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Transfusi Pengganti digunakan
untuk :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi Anemia sel darah merah yang tidak Suseptible
(rentan) terhadap sel darah merah terhadap Antibodi Maternal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan sel darah merah untuk yang Tersensitisasi
(kepekaan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menghilangkan Serum Bilirubin </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan Albumin bebas Bilirubin dan meningkatkan
keterikatan dengan Bilirubin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
Rh Inkomptabiliti diperlukan transfusi darah golongan O segera (kurang dari 2
hari), Rh negatif whole blood. Darah yang dipilih tidak mengandung antigen A
dan antigen B yang pendek. setiap 4 - 8 jam kadar Bilirubin harus dicek.
Hemoglobin harus diperiksa setiap hari sampai stabil. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Therapi Obat</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Phenobarbital
dapat menstimulasi hati untuk menghasilkan enzim yang meningkatkan konjugasi
Bilirubin dan mengekresinya. Obat ini efektif baik diberikan pada ibu hamil untuk
beberapa hari sampai beberapa minggu sebelum melahirkan. Penggunaan
penobarbital pada post natal masih menjadi pertentangan karena efek sampingnya
(letargi).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
Colistrisin dapat mengurangi
Bilirubin dengan mengeluarkannya lewat urine sehingga menurunkan siklus
Enterohepatika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penggolongan
Hiperbilirubinemia berdasarkan saat terjadi Ikterus:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
1. Ikterus yang timbul pada 24
jam pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Penyebab Ikterus terjadi pada 24
jam pertama menurut besarnya kemungkinan dapat disusun sbb: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Inkomptabilitas darah Rh, ABO atau golongan
lain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Infeksi Intra Uterin (Virus, Toksoplasma,
Siphilis dan kadang-kadang Bakteri)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadang-kadang oleh Defisiensi Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Pemeriksaan yang perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar Bilirubin Serum berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Darah tepi lengkap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Golongan darah ibu dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Test Coombs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan skrining<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defisiensi G6PD, biakan darah atau biopsi
Hepar bila perlu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
2. Ikterus yang timbul 24<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>72
jam sesudah lahir.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Biasanya Ikterus fisiologis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Masih ada kemungkinan inkompatibilitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>darah ABO atau Rh, atau golongan lain. Hal
ini diduga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalau kenaikan kadar
Bilirubin cepat misalnya melebihi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5mg%
per 24 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi Enzim G6PD atau Enzim Eritrosit lain
juga masih mungkin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Polisetimia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hemolisis perdarahan tertutup ( pendarahan
subaponeurosis, pendarahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hepar, sub kapsula
dll).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Bila keadaan bayi baik dan
peningkatannya cepat maka pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>darah Bilirubin berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan skrining Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan lain bila perlu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul sesudah 72 jam pertama
sampai akhir minggu pertama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sepsis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dehidrasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan Asidosis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Defisiensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pengaruh obat-obat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sindroma Criggler-Najjar, Sindroma Gilbert.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikterus yang timbul pada akhir minggu pertama
dan selanjutnya: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Karena ikterus obstruktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hipotiroidisme</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Breast milk Jaundice.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Infeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hepatitis Neonatal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Galaktosemia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt;">
Pemeriksaan laboratorium yang
perlu dilakukan:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan Bilirubin berkala.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pemeriksaan darah tepi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Skrining Enzim G6PD.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Biakan darah, biopsi Hepar bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada indikasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
memberikan keperawatan yang paripurna digunakan proses keperawatan yang
meliputi Pengkajian, Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan dan Evaluasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengkajian</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat orang tua :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Ketidakseimbangan
golongan darah ibu dan anak seperti Rh, ABO, Polisitemia, Infeksi, Hematoma,
Obstruksi Pencernaan dan ASI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemeriksaan Fisik : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Kuning,
Pallor Konvulsi, Letargi, Hipotonik, menangis melengking, refleks menyusui yang
lemah, Iritabilitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian Psikososial : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Dampak
sakit anak pada hubungan dengan orang tua, apakah orang tua merasa bersalah,
masalah Bonding, perpisahan dengan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengetahuan Keluarga meliputi : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Penyebab
penyakit dan pengobatan, perawatan lebih lanjut, apakah mengenal keluarga lain
yang memiliki yang sama, tingkat pendidikan, kemampuan mempelajari
Hiperbilirubinemia (Cindy Smith Greenberg. 1988)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. Diagnosa, Tujuan ,
dan Intervensi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
pengkajian di atas dapat diidentifikasikan masalah yang memberi gambaran
keadaan kesehatan klien dan memungkinkan menyusun perencanaan asuhan
keperawatan. Masalah yang diidentifikasi ditetapkan sebagai diagnosa
keperawatan melalui analisa dan interpretasi data yang diperoleh.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Kurangnya
volume cairan sehubungan dengan tidak adekuatnya intake cairan, fototherapi,
dan diare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Cairan tubuh neonatus adekuat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Catat jumlah dan kualitas feses, pantau turgor kulit, pantau intake
output, beri air diantara menyusui atau memberi botol.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan suhu
tubuh (hipertermi) sehubungan dengan efek fototerapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Kestabilan suhu tubuh bayi dapat dipertahankan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Beri suhu lingkungan yang netral, pertahankan suhu antara 35,5<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> - 37<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> C,
cek tanda-tanda vital tiap 2 jam.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan
integritas kulit sehubungan dengan hiperbilirubinemia dan diare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Keutuhan kulit bayi dapat dipertahankan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi</i></b>
: Kaji warna kulit tiap 8 jam, pantau bilirubin direk dan indirek , rubah
posisi setiap 2 jam, masase daerah yang menonjol, jaga kebersihan kulit dan
kelembabannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Gangguan
parenting sehubungan dengan pemisahan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Orang tua dan bayi menunjukan tingkah laku “Attachment” , orang tua dapat
mengekspresikan ketidak mengertian proses Bounding.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>: Bawa bayi ke ibu untuk disusui, buka tutup mata saat disusui, untuk
stimulasi sosial dengan ibu, anjurkan orangtua untuk mengajak bicara anaknya,
libatkan orang tua dalam perawatan bila memungkinkan, dorong orang tua
mengekspresikan perasaannya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Kecemasan
meningkat sehubungan dengan therapi yang diberikan pada bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Orang tua mengerti tentang perawatan, dapat mengidentifikasi
gejala-gejala untuk menyampaikan pada tim kesehatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Kaji
pengetahuan keluarga klien, beri pendidikan kesehatan penyebab dari kuning,
proses terapi dan perawatannya. Beri pendidikan kesehatan mengenai cara
perawatan bayi dirumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Potensial
trauma sehubungan dengan efek fototherapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan
</i></b>: Neonatus akan berkembang tanpa disertai tanda-tanda gangguan akibat
fototherapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Tempatkan
neonatus pada jarak 45 cm dari sumber cahaya, biarkan neonatus dalam keadaan
telanjang kecuali mata dan daerah genetal serta bokong ditutup dengan kain yang
dapat memantulkan cahaya; usahakan agar penutup mata tida menutupi hidung dan
bibir; matikan lampu, buka penutup mata untuk mengkaji adanya konjungtivitis
tiap 8 jam; buka penutup mata setiap akan disusukan; ajak bicara dan beri
sentuhan setiap memberikan perawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnosa Keperawatan</i></b> : Potensial
trauma sehubungan dengan tranfusi tukar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tujuan</i></b>
: Tranfusi tukar dapat dilakukan tanpa komplikasi </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intervensi
</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
Catat
kondisi umbilikal jika vena umbilikal yang digunakan; basahi umbilikal dengan
NaCl selama 30 menit sebelum melakukan tindakan, neonatus puasa 4 jam sebelum
tindakan, pertahankan suhu tubuh bayi, catat jenis darah ibu dan Rhesus serta
darah yang akan ditranfusikan adalah darah segar; pantau tanda-tanda vital;
selama dan sesudah tranfusi; siapkan suction bila diperlukan; amati adanya
ganguan cairan dan elektrolit; apnoe, bradikardi, kejang; monitor pemeriksaan
laboratorium sesuai program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aplikasi Discharge
Planing.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan serta perubahan kebutuhan bayi dengan hiperbilirubin (seperti
rangsangan, latihan, dan kontak sosial) selalu menjadi tanggung jawab orang tua
dalam memenuhinya dengan mengikuti aturan dan gambaran yang diberikan selama
perawatan di Rumah Sakit dan perawatan lanjutan dirumah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Faktor yang harus disampaikan agar ibu dapat melakukan
tindakan yang terbaik dalam perawatan bayi hiperbilirubinimea (warley
&Wong, 1994):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan ibu mengungkapkan/melaporkan bila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi mengalami gangguan-gangguan kesadaran
seperti : kejang-kejang, gelisah, apatis, nafsu menyusui menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan ibu untuk menggunakan alat pompa susu selama
beberapa hari untuk mempertahankan kelancaran air susu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberikan penjelasan tentang prosedur fototherapi
pengganti untuk menurunkan kadar bilirubin bayi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menasehatkan pada ibu untuk mempertimbangkan
pemberhentian ASI dalam hal mencegah peningkatan bilirubin. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengajarkan tentang perawatan kulit : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memandikan dengan sabun yang lembut dan air
hangat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan alat untuk membersihkan mata, mulut,
daerah perineal dan daerah sekitar kulit yang rusak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gunakan pelembab kulit setelah dibersihkan untuk
mempertahankan kelembaban kulit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari pakaian bayi yang menggunakan perekat di
kulit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari penggunaan bedak pada lipatan paha dan
tubuh karena dapat mengakibatkan lecet karena gesekan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melihat faktor resiko yang dapat menyebabkan
kerusakan kulit seperti penekanan yang lama, garukan .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bebaskan kulit dari alat tenun yang basah
seperti: popok yang basah karena bab dan bak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melakukan pengkajian yang ketat tentang status
gizi bayi seperti : turgor kulit, capilari reffil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hal lain yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah : </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara memandikan bayi dengan air hangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(37 -38 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan tali pusat / umbilikus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengganti popok dan pakaian bayi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menangis merupakan suatu komunikasi jika bayi tidak
nyaman, bosan, kontak dengan sesuatu yang baru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Temperatur / suhu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pernapasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara menyusui</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Eliminasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan sirkumsisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Imunisasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tanda-tanda
dan gejala penyakit, misalnya :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>letargi ( bayi sulit dibangunkan )</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>demam ( suhu > 37 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">°</span></span> celsius)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>muntah (sebagian besar atau seluruh makanan
sebanyak 2 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>diare ( lebih dari 3 x)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>tidak ada nafsu makan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Keamanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah bayi dari trauma seperti; kejatuhan
benda tajam (pisau, gunting) yang mudah dijangkau oleh bayi / balita.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mencegah benda panas, listrik, dan lainnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menjaga keamanan bayi selama perjalanan dengan
menggunakan mobil atau sarana lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pengawasan yang ketat terhadap bayi oleh saudara
- saudaranya.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
H. Markum : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”
Ilmu Kesehatan Anak”.</i></b> Buku I, Jakarta,
FKUI, 1991.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Bobak, J. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">:
”Materity and Gynecologic Care”,</i></b> Precenton, 1985.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Cloherty, P.
John : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Manual of Neonatal Care”,</i></b> USA, 1981.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Harper :
”Biokimia”, Jakarta,
EGC, 1994.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Jack A.
Pritchard dkk : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Obstetri Williams”,</i></b> Edisi XVII, Surabaya, Airlangga University Press, 1991</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Marlene Mayers,
et. al. : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Clinical Care Planes Pediatric Nursing”,</i></b> New York, Mc.Graw-Hill. Inc, 1995.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Mary Fran
Hazinki : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Nursing Care of Critically Ill Child”,</i></b> Toronto, The Mosby Compani CV, 1984.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
Susan R. J. et.
al. : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Child Health Nursing”,</i></b> California,
1988.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-45144052496859914442013-01-05T15:25:00.003-08:002013-01-05T15:25:54.861-08:00TUMBUH KEMBANG REMAJA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoTitle">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TUMBUH KEMBANG REMAJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remaja merupakan periode transisi
antara masa anak-anak dengan dewasa, dimana pada masa itu terjadi perubahan
biologis, intelektual, psikososial dan ekonomi. Selama periode ini, individu
mengalami kematangan fisik dan seksual, peningkatan kemampuan dan mampu membuat
keputusan edukasi dan okupasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remaja dapat dibagi menjadi tiga sub
fase yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Early adolescent
(11 – 14 th)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Middle adolescent
(15 – 17 th)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Late adolescent
(18 – 20)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peristiwa yang paling penting pada usia
remaja adalah pubertas, karena pubertas muncul dan berkembang pada rentang usia
kronologis yang lebar dan berbeda menurut jenis kelaminnya. Sangat sulit untuk
membuat kategori pubertas secara kronologis karena itu untuk mendapat pola
individu yang konsisten digunakan istilah tingkat perkembangan pubertas tanpa
melihat usia. Tingkat perkembangan pubertas dibagi dalam tingkat awal, menengah
dan lanjut. Gambaran perkembangan remaja memperlihatkan hubungan yang lebih
erat dengan tingkat perkembangan pubertas atau tingkat maturitas kelamin (TMK).
Tabel TMK yang sering digunakan adalah tabel Tanner yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">TABEL 1. KLASIFIKASI
TINGKAT MATURITAS KELAMIN ANAK PEREMPUAN</span></i></h1>
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<tbody>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TMK</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rambut Pubis</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Buah Dada</span></i></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Praremaja </span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="288"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Praremaja </span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Jarang, berpigmen sedikit, lurus atas
medial labia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.0pt;" valign="top" width="288"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menonjol seperti bukit kecil, areola
melebar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebih hitam, mulai ikal, jumlah
bertambah</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mammae dan areola membesar, tidak ada
kontur pemisah</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kasar, keriting, banyak tapi belum
sebanyak dewasa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Areola dan papila membentuk bukit
kedua</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 234.0pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bentuk segitiga seperti pada
perempuan dewasa tersebar sampai medial paha</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Matang, papila menonjol, areola
sebagai bagian kontur buah dada</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN">TABEL 2. KLASIFIKASI
TINGKAT MATURITAS KELAMIN ANAK LAKI-LAKI</span></i></h1>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TMK</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rambut Pubis</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penis</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Testis</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tidak ada</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Praremaja </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Praremaja </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sedikit, panjang, pigmen sedikit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sedikit membesar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Skrotum membesar, warna merah muda</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sedikit lebih gelap, mulai ikal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebih panjang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebih besar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seperti tipe dewasa tapi lebih
sedikit, kasar, keriting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebih besar, ukuran glands dan lebar
penis bertambah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lebis besar, skrotum lebih gelap</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Seperti dewasa, menyebar sampai
medial paha</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ukuran dewasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ukuran dewasa</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa remaja awal (TMK 2) pada anak
perempuan biasanya antara usia 10 – 13 tahun berlangsung selama 6 bulan – 1
tahun. Pada anak laki-laki awal tumbuh usia 10,5 – 15 tahun yang berlangsung
antara 6 bulan – 2 tahun. Masa remaja menengah (TMK 3 – 4) anak perempuan
timbul pada usia 11 – 14 tahun berlangsung sampai 2 – 3 tahun. Pada anak
laki-laki usia 12 – 15,5 tahun berlangsung antara 6 bulan – 2 tahun. Masa
remaja lanjut (TMK 5) anak perempuan rata-rata usia 13 – 17 tahun dan anak
laki-laki usia 14 – 16 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TUMBUH KEMBANG MASA REMAJA AWAL (TMK 2)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Fisik</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tingkat awal pubertas TMK 2 disebabkan
oleh peningkatan sekresi gonadotropin hipofisis dan hormon pertumbuhan.
Terdapat bukti bahwa fenomena ini terjadi akibat penurunan kadar melatonin yang
terjadi pada usia 7 tahun. Pada anak perempuan, bentuk payudara mulai tampak
sedangkan pada 30 – 35 % anak laki-laki gejala ginekomastia sangat variabel dan
tidak selalu berhubungan dengan tingkat maturasi pubertas tertentu.
Perkembangan buah dada perempuan terjadi akibat rangsangan estrogen ovarium
disekresi akibat respon terhadap FSH. Efek predominan FSH adalah merangsang
pertumbuhan ovarium dan ini bermula satu tahun sebelum perkembangan payudara
(TMK 2). Akibat lain estrogen ovarium menyebabkan penebalan mukosa vagina,
peningkatan pigmentasi, vaskularisasi dan erotisasi labia mayora serta sedikit
pembesaran klitoris dan uterus. Endometrium menebal dan mulai berdeferensiasi
sedangkan miometrium mulai meningkatkan kandungan seluler aktomiosin, kretinin
kinase dan adenosin triphosphat sebagai persiapan menstruasi dan proses
kehamilan serta persalinan. Efek lain estrogen adalah peningkatan deposit
glikogen dalam sel mukosa vagina yang akan memacu pertumbuhan bakteri
doederlein yaitu sejenis bakteri pembentuk asam laktat yang mengubah lingkungan
pH menjadi asam dan mempermudah pula kemungkinan infeksi jamur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa TMK 2 pada anak laki-laki ditandai
dengan pembesaran testis akibat pembesaran tubulus seminiferus serta bertambah
banyaknya sel leydig dan sel sertoli. Perubahan akibat sekresi testosteron
mempengaruhi pula perubahan lain seperti pembesaran epididemis vesikula
seminalis dan prostat. Dinding skrotum akan menipis disertai oleh
vaskularisasi. Keadaan ini menampakkan konfigurasi dewasa dengan bagian
proksimal yang lebih sempit serta posisi testis kiri lebih rendah dari yang
kanan. Tidak lama setelah periode ini maka penis pun mulai membesar. Ukuran
lebar penis tetap lebih kurus dari panjangnya sampai pada masa pubertas lanjut
ketika terjadi akselerasi pertumbuhan korpus kavernosus penis melebihi
pertumbuhan uretra sehingga terlihat penis lebih besar seperti bentuk dewasa.
Selain sekresi testosteron terjadi pula peningkatan konsentrasi androgen
adrenal baik laki-laki maupun perempuan akan menimbulkan pertumbuhan rambut
pubis dan ketiak. Konsistensi dan distribusi rambut pubis akan mengikuti pola
tertentu sesuai dengan jenis kelamin dan secara berurutan menurut indeks pertumbuhan
pubertas. Pada masa TMK 2 rambut kelamin lurus dan halus terlihat pada bagian
tengah labia mayora pada perempuan dan sekitar basis penis pada laki-laki. Efek
androgen lain adalah peningkatan ukuran dan sekresi folikel sebacea yang dapat
menimbulkan timbulnya jerawat dan dianggap merupakan tanda karakteristik seks
sekunder. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selama masa pubertas laki-laki terjadi
perubahan fungsional dan struktural yang dramatis. Ejakulasi terjadi bermula
sebagai respon masturbasi timbul sekitar satu tahun setelah pertumbuhan testis,
pada saat timbulnya rambut pubis. Gigi taring dan molar pertama tanggal pada
awal remaja dan kemudian tumbuh gigi tetap. Pra molar dan molar tumbuh selama
masa remaja. Terdapat kolaborasi yang erat antara waktu tumbuhnya molar kedua permanen
dengan menarche.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Kognitif</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Perkembangan kognitif sebagian besar
biasanya diuraikan dalam hubungannya dengan usia kronologis karena itu kaitan
antara tingkat perkembangan pubertas dan perkembangan kognitif belum jelas.
Carey dalam study mengenai pengenalan wajah menimpulkan bahwa awal timbul
pubertas pada anak perempuan mempunyai efek yang mengganggu proses kognitif
sebaliknya Petterson yang mempergunakan cara kognisi yang berbeda tidak
berhasil menemukan hipotesis tentang gangguan itu. Karena TMK 2 pada anak
perempuan mencakup usia antara 10 – 13 tahun dan pada lelaki lebih lebar lagi
antara umur 10, 5 – 14,5 tahun, maka menurut sekuens Piaget sebagian anak
tersebuta anak masuk dalam kelompok tingkatan operasional konkrit dan sebagian
lainnya dalam tingkatan operasional formal. Dalam tahap berpikir operasional
formal, individu yang bersangkutan sudah mampu membangun hipotesis terlebih
dahulu sebelum memulai suatu aksi, dapat berpikir abstrak, dapat melakukan
beberapa tindakan secara serentak, dan dapat mengambil gambaran umum serta
memperkirakan akibat suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa tanpa harus mengalami
dahulu peristiwa itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya teori
Piaget mendominasi pemikiran tentang perkembangan kognitif, tetapi belakangan
ini telah timbul tantangan terhadap deskripsi tahapan yang tegas dalam teori
tersebut. Pendekatan yang dilakukan sekarang lebih menekankan kecenderungan
terhadap perkembangan masa anak dan remaja dengan lebih banyak keterangan yang
tumpang tindih dan bervariasi dibandingkan penjelasan sebelumnya. Kecenderungan
tersebut mencakup berbagai pokok sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kapasitas
melakukan proses informasi. Remaja ternyata lebih superior dibandingkan dengan
anak yang lebih muda dalam hal kapasitas proses informasi, tetapi belum diketahui
apakah hal ini merupakan refleksi peningkatan struktural yang ada hubungannya
dengan umur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pengetahuan domain
spesifik. Semasa kecil mereka akan menimbun/menyimpan berbagai pengetahuan yang
makin lama makin terorganisasi dalam berbagai bidang dengan domain spesifik,
yang akan memungkinkan pemecahan masalah melalui proses memori yang tidak
terdapat pada anak dengan umur lebih muda. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kegiatan formal
dan konkrit. Pandangan penganut teori Piaget lebih terlibat sebagai
kecenderungan ketimbang tahapan khusus, seperti misalnya pendekatan seorang
anak yang lebih muda dinilai sebagai lebih empiriko-deduktif dan pada remaja
lebih hipotetiko-deduktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Berpikir
kuantitatif. Remaja cenderung mendekati masalah dengan “lebih kuantitatif,
berorientasi skala pengukuran” ketimbang anak yang lebih muda yang dikenal
dengan “konsep pengukuran unit”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sentuhan rasa
berkompetisi. Dengan meningkatnya umur, anak akan makin tertarik untuk
menganggap bahwa berpikir merupakan suatu pertandingan kompetitif dan karenanya
merasa tertantang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Metakognisi.
Konsep diuraikan sebagai berpikir tentang berpikir dan oleh Flavell dibagi lagi
menjadi pengetahuan metakognitif dan pengalaman metakognitif. Pengetahuan
metakognitif diartikan sebagai akumulasi pengetahuan deklaratif dan prosedural
tentang peristiwa kognitif, sedangkan pengalaman metakognitif adalah unit
berbagai pengalaman tentang penemuan (eureka) atau sebaliknya sebagai suatu
perasaan “hal ini tidak ada artinya buat saya”. Metakognitif berkembang secara
bertahap antara masa anak dan remaja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Peningkatan
kemampuan yang ada. Pematangan kemampuan yang ada merupakan suatu proses
berkelanjutan selama masa perkembangan. Perbedaan seks muncul pada masa awal
remaja ; anak lelaki tampil lebih baik untuk kemampuan spasial dan matematik,
sedangkan anak perempuan lebih menonjol dalam kemampuan verbal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Psikososial</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa remaja awal harus mempunyai fungsi
pada tiga bidang utama yaitu keluarga, kelompok sebaya dan sekolah. Pada setiap
bidang ini terdapat kompleks berbagai determinan yang saling mempengaruhi agar
dapat berfungsi dengan berhasil. Fungsi utama masa remaja awal adalah
dimulainya kebebasan dari lingkungan keluarga dan pada masa inilah hubungan
dalam keluarga mulai terlihat merenggang. Sering pula pada masa ini secara
bersamaan terlihat tanda perkembangan pubertas berupa keinginan untuk
keleluasaan pribadi, dan tidak jarang disertai keengganan yang makin nyata
serta menjaga jarak keakraban fisis dari orang tua yang berbeda jenis kelamin
dengan anak. Keinginan remaja yang tidak terucapkan pada orang tua untuk
membuat batas tersebut sesuai dengan keinginan mereka untuk autonomi, dan hal
ini sering menimbulkan konflik dengan orangtua yang bila tidak terselesaikan
akan menimbulkan stress. Hasil akhirnya remaja cenderung untuk berpaling pada
kelompok sebaya yang sejenis. Persahabatan pada masa remaja awal secara khas
menumbuhkan kelompok yang sama jenis kelaminnya dengan kecenderungan lebih
meningkatkan aktivitas bersama ketimbang interaksinya sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fungsi lingkungan sekolah pada umur ini
dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Kesesuaian perkembangan seksual dengan anak
sebaya ternyata sangat penting pengaruhnya. Dilaporkan bahwa anak laki-laki
yang lebih lambat matang akan kurang baik penampilannya di sekolah dan tingkat
pendidikan yang diharapkan akan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak laki-laki
sebaya yang lebih cepat matang. Selanjutnya dikemukakan pula bahwa anak gadis
di sekolah menengah yang lebih cepat matang mempunyai daya imajinasi dini yang
buruk dan nilai rata-rata yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan mereka yang
tingkat pematangannya lebih lambat atau dengan teman sebaya yang masih duduk di
sekolah dasar. Dengan demikian jelas terlihat bahwa pada segi kognitif terdapat
perbedaan jenis kelamin yang dapat mempengaruhi prestasi sekolah pada masa awal
remaja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TUMBUH
KEMBANG MASA REMAJA MENENGAH</span></h3>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Fisis</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masa remaja menengah, yang sesuai
dengan TMK 3 dan 4, mencakup rentang umur kronologis antara 12 – 14 tahun bagi
perempuan dan antara 12,5 – 15 tahun pada laki-laki. Pada masa ini terlihat adanya
pertambahan pertumbuhan yang sangat mencolok, terjadi akselerasi pertumbuhan
tinggi dan berat badan serta perkembangan karakteristik seks sekunder lebih
lanjut. Masa ini merupakan puncak kurve kecepatan pertumbuhan berat badan, yang
mengikuti puncak kurve kecepatan tinggi badan kira-kira 6 bulan sebelumnya.
Pada masa inilah terjadi deposit besar jaringan lemak pada perempuan dan massa
otot pada laki-laki. Selama periode pertumbuhan cepat pada masa remaja menengah
ini, golongan perempuan mendapat pertambahan tinggi badan rata-rata 8 cm per
tahun pada umur rata-rata 12 tahun, sedangkan laki-laki pada umur rata-rata 14
tahun mendapat penambahan tinggi badan rata-rata 10 cm per tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Terlihat pola teratur proses
perkembangan/kemajuan tulang kerangka dari distal menuju proksimal, dimulai
dari perkembangan tulang kaki. Kira-kira 6 bulan kemudian akan diikuti
perkembangan tungkai bawah, kemudian tungkai atas. Pola yang serupa terdapat
pula pada perkembangan alat gerak atas, sehingga secara keseluruhan anak remaja
terlihat ganjil karena bentuk tangan dan kaki yang besar dan tidak
proporsional. Puncak akselerasi pertumbuhan panjang tungkai bawah akan diikuti
oleh perkembangan lebar dada dan paha 4 bulan kemudian. Perpanjangan badan dan
pembesaran diameter anteroposterior dada merupakan manifestasi terakhir
pertumbuhan cepat pada pubertas. Selain terdapat perbedaan seks pada
pertumbuhan jaringan lemak masa remaja menengah, terdapat pula perbedaan pola
pertumbuhan kerangka menurut jenis kelamin. Lebar biakromial terbesar pada
laki-laki ditentukan oleh androgen, sedangkan estrogen menentukan lebar
diameter bitrochanter yang akan memebri bentuk kontur perempuan dewasa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada masa remaja menengah terjadi pula
perkembangan karakteristik seks sekunder perempuan berupa pembesaran payudara
dan areola, dan pada masa TMK 4 lebih kurang 75% anak gadis akan memiliki batas
areola<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan payudara yang lebih tegas
sebagai akibat pembesaran areola. Rambut kelamin menjadi lebih gelap, kasar, ikal
dan lebih menyebar ke arah proksimal dan lateral menutupi mons pubis. Pada
lelaki terlihat penis lebih panjang dan lebar, testis lebih besar, dan skrotum
lebih berpigmen. Peristiwa yang paling dinamik adalah timbulnya menarche pada
anak perempuan yang rata-rata terjadi pada umur 12,5 tahun (pada kultur barat).
Menars dapat terjadi pada setiap tahap pubertas : 10% padaTMK 2, 20% pada TMK
3, 60% pada TMK 4, dan 10% pada TMK 5. Tetapi sebagian besar anak gadis
terlihat matur pada masa remaja menengah. Peristiwa menarche sangat erat
hubungannya dengan masa puncak kurve kecepatan penambahan tinggi badan. Masa
ini ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor, tetapi yang terpenting adalah faktor
genetik. Sangat erat hubungan antara umur menarche ibu dengan putrinya, dan
lebih erat lagi antar umur menarche perempuan bersaudara. Faktor lain yang
berperan penting adalah status gizi, gadis gemuk akan mendapat menarche lebih
awal daripada yang kurus. Semua penyakit kronik yang menggangu status gizi atau
oksigenasi jaringan akan memperlambat pola maturasi pubertas, terutama waktu
menarche.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Yang lebih bervariasi lagi adalah waktu
timbulnya pertumbuhan rambut sirkum anal, dengan kecenderungan rambut aksila
dan wajah akan timbul lebih lambat, yaitu setelah rambut pubis mencapai TMK 4.
Rambut wajah anak laki-laki timbul mula-mula di daerah sudut bibir atas yang
kemudian akan menyebar ke arah medial. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan rambut aksila
akan muncul pula bau badan akibat stimulasi androgen pada kelenjar keringat
apokrin, dan hal ini sering menimbulkan kesadaran bahwa pada anak tersebut
bahwa ia telah mulai dewasa. Sering pula terjadi ginekomastia anak laki-laki
pada masa remaja menengah ini; dapat bi- atau unilateral, yang dapat menetap
sampai 18 bulan. Walaupun sering terjadi dan tidak spesifik hal ini dapat
sangat meresahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Kognitif </span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span lang="IN">Kecenderungan perkembangan kognitif seperti
telah diuraikan pada pembahasan terdahulu masih terus berlangsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Psikososial </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hubungan antara remaja dengan keluarga,
sekolah dan kelompok sebaya pada tahap ini masih tetap serupa dengan tahap
sebelumnya. Sekolah dan kelompok sebaya mendapat porsi lebih penting, dan
perbedaan seks pada kelompk sebaya tampak lebih jelas. Tujuan perkembangan
selama masa remaja bagi anak laki-laki lebih diwarnai keinginan untuk
memperoleh penerimaan dan kebebasan yang akan lebih mudah dicapai dalam suatu
kelompok, sedangkan bagi anak perempuan untuk menumbuhkan kemampuan
interpersonal dan cinta. Kesetiaan, keterlibatan, dan keakraban tentang suatu
informasi lebih berharga bagi lingkungan anak perempuan daripada anak
laki-laki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selama masa remaja menengah, kelompok
sosial dapat meluas sampai mengikutsertakan anggota yang berbeda jenis
kelaminnya dan proses pacaran pun dapat mulai terjadi. Proses pacaran dapat
berkembang dalam berbagai tahap : tahap pertama biasanya dilakukan tanpa kontak
fisik, tahap kedua berciuman dan meraba buah dada yang masih tertutup pakaian,
tahap ketiga meraba buah dada telanjang atau kemaluan, tahap keempat melakukan
hubungan seksual dengan mitra tunggal, dan tahap kelima melakukan hubungan
seksual dengan mitra multipel. Walaupun terdapat sangat banyak variasi berbagai
jenis kelompok remaja, tampaknya sebagian besar remaja pada masa ini tidak
sampai melakukan pacaran tahap keempat. Dan bagi mereka yang melakukannya maka
resiko untuk kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan atau penyakit kelamin cukup
tinggi, sehingga perlu dilakukan penerangan dan penyuluhan untuk mencegah hal
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Selama masa remaja menengah harus
sering dilakukan tindakan untuk pendidikan dan latihan kerja. Seperti telah
diterangkan hubungan dengan kelompok sebaya yang seiring dengan maturasi fisis
dapat mempengaruhi prestasi di sekolah. Efek fisis perkembangan pubertas sering
menyatu dengan imajinasi diri seseorang, dan tidak jarang disertai dengan
akibat yang mendalam. Peningkatan aktivitas pada perkembangan maturitas dapat
dirasakan negatif oleh seorang gadis sampai mungkin memuncak menjadi anoreksia
nervosa. Perkembangan buah dada yang tidak simetrik akan menimbulkan perasaan
sebagai abnormal. Imajinasi diri yang keliru seperti itu merupakan masalah yang
sering terjadi terutama pada anak perempuan dan para penderita penyakit kronik.
Perkembangan imajinasi diri ini melibatkan pula berbagai pengalaman coba-coba
atau eksperimen dalam lingkup sosial yang berbeda. Menurut kategori Erikson
tentang krisis kehidupan, maka tahap ini merupakan penentuan jati diri atau
perkembangan identitas. Pada masa itu pula identitas seksual akan lebih
mengental dan akan terjadi perkembangan rasa seksual yang adekuat.</span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">TUMBUH
KEMBANG MASA REMAJA LANJUT</span></h3>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Fisis</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada masa ini proporsi dan ukuran tubuh
sudah menyerupai ukuran dewasa muda. Hanya terjadi sedikit peningkatan
pertumbuhan linear setelah melewati masa pertumbuhan cepat remaja menengah.
Sisa epifisis seperti pada femur, humerus dan sterno kalvikula akan menutup
paling lambat pada masa awal umur dupuluhan. Perkembangan karakteristik seks
sekunder menjadi tuntas dengan pertumbuhan rambut kelamin yang menyebar sampai
bagian medial paha pada laki-laki dan perempuan, penampilan alat kelamin dewasa
dan kapasitas reproduktif penuh pada laki-laki, serta penampilan buah dada
dewasa pada perempuan. Rambut wajah laki-laki tumbuh sampai daerah dagu, dan
bulu dada akan muncul sebagai bagian terakhir pertumbuhan rambut tubuh. Suara
berat dan dalam akan muncul lengkap akibat pengaruh testosteron merangsang
pertumbuhan tulang rawan tiroid dan krikoid, serta otot larings. Pada
perempuan, uterus akan mencapai bentuk dewasa dengan fundus yang besar dan
serviks yang lebih kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">Psikososial</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada periode ini seringkali masalah
penentuan karir sudah harus dihadapi dengan berat, bahkan kadangkala sudah
harus ditentukan. Perasaan ingin memberontak yang sering muncul pada periode
sebelumnya secara bertahap akan berubah kembali menjadi pendekatan pada
keluarga, tetapi dengan sikap yang sudah berbeda dari sebelumnya. Walaupun
masih sering berpikir moralistis dan absolut, remaja pada tahap ini sudah mampu
berdialog dengan orangtua. Mulai timbul pula kemampuan untuk terlibat dalam
hubungan interpersonal yang empatik; seringkali hubungan seksual sebelumnya
yang eksploitatif dan narsistik akan berubah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Menurut skema Erikson, krisis
psikososial pada masa remaja sebelumnya adalah pada masalah identitas,
sedangkan pada masa remaja lanjut adalah pada kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan kapasitas
keintiman.</span></div>
<h3>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">MASALAH
TUMBUH KEMBANG MASA REMAJA</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masalah yang sering ditemukan pada usia
remaja adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Akne atau jerawat,
yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan emosional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Miopia, biasanya
mulai timbul pada usia remaja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kelainan
ortopedik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupa kiposis atau skoliosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyakit infeksi,
misalnya tuberkulosis yang sering dijumpai akibat daya tahan usia remaja yang
menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Defisiensi besi,
terutama pada remaja perempuan dengan datangnya haid dan kurangnya masukan besi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Obesitas, biasanya
terjadi pada golongan remaja tertentu karena kebiasaan makan yang kurang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keadaan lain
sebagai akibat gangguan emosional atau kenakalan remaja, yang umumnya terdapat
pada remaja laki-laki, seperti kelainan ortopedik karena kecelakaan, gangguan
kejiwaan karena minum dan ketergantungan narkotika, upaya bunuh diri, dan
masalah psikososial lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada masa remaja ketegangan emosional
yang bertambah dan dorongan kebutuhan biologis harus disesuaikan dengan
keinginan dan harapan masyarakat atau lingkungan. Tuntutan masyarakat terhadap
golongan remaja ini sudah pasti akan berlainan dengan yang diharapkan dari anak
pada masa tumbuh-kembang sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tahap berikutnya dalam perkembangan
psikososial mencakup kemampuan bergaul dengan orang lain, disamping dengan
orangtua sendiri untu menghindari rasa terpencil dalam menghadapi tantangan
pada berbagai kegiatan fisis seperti dalam bidang olahraga, jalinan
persahabatan atau pengalaman seksual. Salah satu aspek peningkatan keakraban
adalah adanya keinginan berbagi rasa dan bertenggang rasa yang merupakan inti
untuk timbulnya empati. Tahap perkembangan selanjutnya adalah adanya
keterikatan dengan orang lain, seperti dalam hal percintaan, pacaran,
perkawinan, dan hal lain yang menuntut adanya suatu tanggung jawab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="IN">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Markum, H.A. , <u>Buku Ajar Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak</u>, Jilid 1, Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muscari, Mary.E, <u>Pediatric Nursing</u>,
Second<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edition, Lippincoltt’s Review
Series, Philadelphia, 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Soetjiningsih, <u>Tumbuh Kembang Anak</u>,
Edisi I, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, 1995</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-29149837598682038012012-12-08T05:50:00.002-08:002012-12-08T05:50:14.274-08:00ASKEP ANAK DENGAN GAGAL NAFAS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GAGAL NAFAS</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Definisi </b></div>
Gagal nafas adalah ketidakmampuan tubuh dalam mempertahankan tekanan parsial normal O2 dan atau CO2 didalam darah. (Merenstein, 1995)<br /><br />Gagal nafas adalah suatu kegawatan yang disebabkan oleh gangguan pertukaran oksigen dan karbondioksida, sehingga sistem pernafasan tidak mampu memenuhi metabolisme tubuh. (Staf pengajar ilmu kesehatan anak, 1985) <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Etiologi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Faktor predisposisi</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Terjadinya gagal nafas pada bayi dan anak dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
faktor yang berbeda dengan orang dewasa, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Struktur anatomi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dinding dada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Dinding dada pada bayi dan anak masih lunak disertai insersi tulang iga
yang kurang kokoh, letak iga lebih horisontal dan pertumbahan otot interkostal
yang belum sempurna, menyebabkan pergerakan dinding dada terbatas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Saluran pernafasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Pada bayi dan anak relatif lebih besar dibandingkan dengan dewasa. Besar
trakea neonatus 1/3 dewasa dan diameter bronkiolus ½ dewasa, sedangkan ukuran
tubuh dewasa 20 kali neonatus. Akan tetapi bila terjadi sumbatan atau
pembengkakan 1 mm saja, pada bayi akan menurunkan luas saluran pernafasan 75
%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Alveoli</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Jaringan elastis pada septum alveoli merupakan ‘ elastic recoil ’ untuk
mempertahankan alveoli tetap terbuka. Pada neonatus alveoli relatif lebih besar
dan mudah kolaps. Dengan makin besarnya bayi, jumlah alveoli akan bertambah
sehingga akan menambah ‘ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">elastic recoil’</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kerentangan terhadap infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Bayi kecil mudah terkena infeksi berat seperti pneumonia, pada anak
kerentangan terhadap infeksi traktus respiratorius merupakan faktor predisposisi
gagal nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan konginetal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kelainan ini dapat mengenai semua bagian sistem pernafasan atau organ
lain yang berhubungan dengan alat pernafasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Faktor fisiologis dan metabolik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kebutuhan oksigen dan tahanan jalan nafas pada bayi lebih besar daripada
dewasa. Bila terjadi infeksi, metabolisme akan meningkat mengakibatkan
kebutuhan oksigen meningkat. Kebutuhan oksigen tersebut di capai dengan
menaikkan usaha pernafasan, dengan akibat pertama adalah kehilangan kalori dan
air; Kedua dibutuhkan kontraksi otot pernafasan yang sempurna. Karena pada bayi
dan anak kadar glikogen rendah, maka dengan cepat akan terjadi penimbunan asam
organik sebagai hasil metabolisme anaerib akibatnya terjadi asidosis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.2pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 75.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -61.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sebab gagal nafas</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
Jenis penyakit penyebab gagal nafas pada bayi / anak</div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">penyebab</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bayi / Anak</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.0pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jalan nafas bagian atas :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;">
Faring</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;">
Laring </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;">
Trakea</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jalan nafas bagian bawah</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Bronkus/bronkiolus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alveoli</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kompresi pulmonal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Susunan saraf</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.0pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Makroglosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Hipertropi tonsil</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Laringotrakeobronkitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Epiglotis akut</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Laringitis difterika</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Edema/stenosis pasca intubasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Benda asing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Bronkiolitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Status asmatikus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pneumonia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelainan jantung bawaan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Trauma</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Luka bakar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pneumonia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Trauma dada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Trauma</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ensefalitis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Takaran obat berlebihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Status epileptikus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sindrom Guillain-Barre</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.15pt;">
Dikutip dari Brown dan Fisk, Anesthesia for Children,
Intensive Care </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspeect, Blackwell Scientific Publ (1979)</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Patofisiologi dan Pathway</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Terdapat 2 mekanisme dasar yang mengakibatkan kegagalan pernafasan yaitu
obstruksi saluran nafas dan konsolidasi atau kolaps alveolus. Apabila seorang
anak menderita infeksi saluran nafas maka akan terjadi :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sekresi trakeobronkial bertambah</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Proses peradangan dan sumbatan jalan nafas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>aliran darah pulmonal bertambah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 162.0pt; mso-list: l11 level5 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -144.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘metabolic rate’</i>
bertambah</div>
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Akibat edema mukosa, lendir yang tebal dan spasme otot polos maka lumen
saluran nafas berkurang dengan hebat. Hal ini mengakibatkan terperangkapnya
udara dibagian distal sumbatan yang akan menyebabkan gangguan oksigenasi dan
ventilasi. Gangguan difusi dan retensi CO2 menimbulkan hipoksemia dan
hipercapnea, kedua hal ini disertai kerja pernafasan yang bertambah sehingga
menimbulkan kelelahan dan timbulnya asidosis. Hipoksia dan hipercapnea akan
menyebabkan ventilasi alveolus terganggu sehingga terjadi depresi pernafasan,
bila berlanjut akan menyebabkan kegagalan pernafasan dan akirnya kematian.</div>
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Hipoksemia akan menyebabkan vasokontriksi pembuluh darah pulmonal yang
menyebabkan tahanan alveolus bertambah, akibatnya jantung akan bekerja lebih
berat, beban jantung bertambah dan akirnya menyebabkan gagal jantung.</div>
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Akibat bertambahnya aliran darah paru, hipoksemia yang mengakibatkan permiabilitas
kapiler bertambah, retensi CO2 yang mengakibatkan bronkokontriksi dan
‘metabolic rate’ yang bertambah, terjadinya edema paru. Dengan terjadinya edema
paru juga terjadinya gangguan ventilasi dan oksigenisasi yang akhirnya dapat
menimbulkan gagal nafas.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; tab-stops: 199.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pathway<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251634688;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Etiologi (bronkiolitis, status asmatikus, pneumonia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251637760;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan respon pernafasan</span></div>
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<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251635712;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kegagalan pernafasan ventilasi</span></div>
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<span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251636736;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Ketidakseimbangan
ventilasi dan perfusi</span></div>
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<span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Hipoventilasi
alveoli</span></div>
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<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251643904;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Gangguan
difusi dan retensi CO2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251638784;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Hipoksia
jaringan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
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<td height="21" width="18"><br /></td>
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<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image007.gif" width="852" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 863px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251645952;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251644928;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>kardiovaskuler<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paru-paru</span></div>
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<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 930px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251646976;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 570px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251648000;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 786px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251649024;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 863px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 251650048;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image011.gif" width="74" /></span><span style="height: 8px; left: 0px; margin-left: 575px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 290px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="8" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="290" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 11;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 894px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 726px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image013.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Sel
otak mati<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>mekanisme
kompensasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(peningkatan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 930px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 786px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 570px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251651072;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; left: 18px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 12px;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="12" /></span></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251653120;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Heart rate
dan tekanan darah)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>kerja
pernafasan meningkat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekret, edema, wheezing<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PCO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="15" width="6"><br /></td>
<td width="12"><br /></td>
<td width="324"><br /></td>
<td width="12"><br /></td>
<td width="365"><br /></td>
<td width="158"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="5"><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image015.gif" width="12" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="22"><br /></td>
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<td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="38" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image016.gif" width="158" /></td>
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<td height="5"><br /></td>
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<td height="11"><br /></td>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 570px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 21px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tekanan intrakranial<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>kelemahan otot jantung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TD dan CO, bradikardi)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelelahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>, diaporosis, sianosis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gangguan
pertukaran gas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Depresi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 930px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 515px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 146px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image017.gif" width="146" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 15;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pusat pernafasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: -60.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Kejang,
pusing, gelisah,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>penurunan curah
jantung<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>intoleransi
aktivitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 675.0pt; tab-stops: 684.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -675.0pt;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesadaran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hipoventilasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(tachipnea)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 26px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 930px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>gagal
jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 570px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="height: 8px; left: 0px; margin-left: 935px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="8" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image019.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 686px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image020.gif" width="686" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 15;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Bradipnea</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 611px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 158px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image021.gif" width="158" /></span><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 423px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 182px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image022.gif" width="182" /></span><span style="height: 25px; left: 0px; margin-left: 489px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251677696;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image023.gif" width="88" /></span><span style="height: 23px; left: 0px; margin-left: 575px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image024.gif" width="88" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Kardio
Respirasi Arrest<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span>Gangguan
proses keluarga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>resti terjadi
kematian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manifestasi klinik</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Umum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: kelelahan,
berkeringat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.8pt;">
Respirasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
wheezing, merintih, menurun/menghilangnya suara nafas,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cuping <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hidung retraksi, takipnea, bradipnea atau
apnea,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sianosis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 107.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -93.75pt;">
Kardiovaskuler<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
bradikardia atau takikardia hebat, hipotensi/hipertensi,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 107.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pulsus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paroksus 12 mmHg, henti jantung.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 107.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -98.95pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serebral <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: gelisah, iritabilitas, sakit
kepala, kekacauan mental,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 107.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesadaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurun, kejang, koma.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pemeriksaan penunjang</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Pengenalan dini gagal nafas sulit diketahui secara klinis, pemeriksaan
laboratorium yang terpenting untuk membantu diagnosa gagal nafas ialah
pemeriksaan analisa gas darah untuk mengetahui keadaan oksigenasi, ventilasi
dan keseimbangan asam basa, saturasi O<sub>2 </sub>dan pH darah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
Pada pemeriksaan BGA pada gagal nafas akan didapat Hipoksemia,
hiperkapnia, asidosis (respiratorik atau metabolik). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pengkajian keperawatan.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Riwayat keluarga tentang alergi dan penyakit
keturunan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Riwayat pasien tentang gangguan petnafasan yang
baru diderita, terkena infeksi, adanya alergi/iritasi, trauma. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Kaji
keadaan dada </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji suara nafas dan suara nafas tambahan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji adanya pembesaran anterior / posterior
ukuran dada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji peningkatan dan penurunan taktil fremitus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji adanya retraksi otot supraklafikula,
interkosta / subkostal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji adanya hyperesonan (adanya distensi
alveoli)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji adanya ekspirasi yang memanjang.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 31.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Observasi pernafasan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Frekuensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
Kaji adanya takipnue, normal, bradipnue</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kedalaman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
Normal,
terlalu lambat (hypopnea), terlalu dalam (hyperpnea)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelancaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kurang usaha, dypnea, ortopnea berhubungan dengan adanya retraksi
interkostal / substernal, adanya wheezing, pulsus paradoxus (tekanan darah
turun saat inspirasi dan tekanan darah naik dengan ekspirasi)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Labored breating</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Terus menerus, intermitten, secara tiba – tiba, kelelahan dalam usaha
pernafasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tanda – tanda infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Peningkatan suhu tubuh, pembesaran nodus limfa, inflamasi membran mukus,
keluarnya cairan purulen dari hidung dan kuping, adanya sputum yang purulen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Batuk</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kaji karakteristik batuk (produktif/kering) kapan waktu terjadinya batuk
(hanya malam hari/setiap waktu), frekuensi batuk yang berkaitan dengan
aktivitas dan suhu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Wheezing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kapan terjadinya wheezing; saat inspirasi / ekspirasi, apakah memanjang,
terjadi secara tiba-tiba/berlahan-lahan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sianosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Catat distribusi sianosis (periperal, daerah bibir, wajah), derajat,
durasi, keterkaitan dengan aktivitas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nyeri dada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Terjadi pada anak – anak catat lokasi, penyebaran ke leher/abdomen,
dalam/dangkal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sputum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Pasien anak – anak dapat mengeluarkan sputum pada bayi diperlukan section
untuk mendapatka sempel, catat volume, warna, bau, viskositas. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Adanya pernafasan yang buruk</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Berhubungan dengan infeksi pernafasan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji tanda terjadinya hipoxia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hypotensi/hypertensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dyspnea</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bradikardi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sianosis : perifer / sentral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Somnolen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Stupor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Coma</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diagnosa keperawatan dan Intervensi
keperawatan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan pertukaran gas b/d perubahan suplay oksigen,
perubahan aliran darah ke pulmonal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria hasil :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Anak menunjukkan peningkatan kapasitas ventilasi dan pertukaran gas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Intervensi :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beri posisi yang dapat memaksimalkan ekspansi
paru; tinggikan kepala selama tidak ada kontraindikasi, cek secara teratur
posisi klien.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertahankan jalan nafas tetap terbuka, hindari
hyperektensi leher gunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘sniffing’</i>
posisi, anjurkan anak untuk mengeluarkan sputum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beri bantuan oksigen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jika perlu pertahankan anak tetap puasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji warna kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Observasi usaha nafas : Observasi pergerakan
dada, kembang kempis dada dan penggunaan otot bantu pernafasan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Monitor BGA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko tinggi terjadi kematian b/d obstruksi jalan
nafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria hasil :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Anak dapat bernafas, jalan nafas terbuka.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Intervensi :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Singkirkan penghalang (sekret) yang dapat
menghalangi pertukaran udara (jika mungkin)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hindari situasi yang dapat menyebabkan obstruksi
jalan nafas atau aktivitas yang memerlukan kebutuhan oksigen yang berlebihan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan peralatan emergensi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lakukan managemen emergensi jalan nafas (RJP) sesuai
prosedur</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan proses keluarga b/d krisis situasi (penyakit
serius pada anak)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria hasil :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Keluarga menunjukkan paham tentang penyakit anak dan dapat menggunakan
koping yang efektif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Intervensi :</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beri informasi kepada keluarga tentang proses
penyakit pada anaknya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Terangkan tentang prosedur dan terapi yang
diberikan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beri informasi tentang kondisi anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anjurkan untuk mengekpresikan perasaan keluarga
khususnya tentang kondisi dan prognosis anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Susun suport sistem keluarga.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 126.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Intoleransi aktivitas b/d distress pernafasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kriteria
hasil</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: anak mampu melakukan
aktivitas tanpa merasa kelelahan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Intervensi</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kaji tingkat kemampuan aktivitas anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan lingkungan yang nyaman dan tenang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Atur posisi anak seseuai kebutuhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 36.0pt list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan periode istirahat dan hindari hal – hal
yang melelahkan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LAMPIRAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR PEDIATRIK</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Langkah –
langkah tindakan resusitasi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga tahap :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Tahap I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bantuan hidup dasar (BHD),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdiri atas :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A</b>
(Airway)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menguasai jalan nafas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B</b>
(Breathing): membuat nafas buatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">C</span></b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> (Circulation) : membuat aliran darah buatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Tahap II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Bantuan hidup lanjutan (BHL), terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">D</span></b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> (Drug)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: pengobatan dengan cairan dan obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>E</b>
(EKG)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: melakukan pemantauan dengan
alat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>elektrokardiografi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>F</b>
(Fibrilasi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menilai pengobatan dengan
defibrilator (untuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fibrilasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ventrikel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tahap III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Bantuan hidup jangka panjang (BHJP), terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G</span></b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> (Gauging)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
menilai keadaan korban masih dapat diselamatkan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span></b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> (Human mentatiaon) : melakukan resusitasi
lanjutan dengan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>orientasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Otak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I</b> (Intensive care) : mengelola korban
secara intensif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGKAJIAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika curiga trauma kepala, jangan pindahkan atau
gerakkan kepala/leher anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Hindari memindahkannya kalau anak tidak dalam bahaya injuri lebih lanjut,
jika anda akan membalikkan anak gulingkan kepala dan torso sebagai satu unit,
dukung kepala dan leher untuk mencegah pergerakan yang dapat menyebabkan injuri
lebih lanjut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 140.15pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -122.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Coba untuk membangunkan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Tepuk anak dan panggil namanya dengan keras atau kibaskan ujung kakinya
dan lihat adanya respon / pergerakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 140.15pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -122.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Segera cari bantuan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika anak tetap tidak berespon, mulai lakukan CPR
segera dengan membuka jalan nafas anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika ada orang lain bersama anda, minta untuk menelpon
118 (gawat darurat) untuk minta bantuan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Jika anda sendirian tetaplah memulai RJP secepatnya, tidak usah berhenti
untuk menelpon 118, lakukan RJP selama 1 menit, lalu telepon 118 gawat darurat
secepatnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A = AIRWAY
(JALAN NAFAS)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tempatkan anak dengan posisi telentang
(dengan punggung) pada permukaan yang keras dan rata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Posisi kepala dengan tepat dan buka jalan
nafas dengan meletakkan tangan penolong pada dahi dan letakkan jari (bukan ibu
jari) dari tangan yang lain dibawah tulang rahang bawah dekat pertengahan dagu.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Hati – hati, jangan terlalu
mendorong dahi terlalu jauh kebelakang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau memberikan tekanan terlalu kuat pada rahang bagian bawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Pastikan bibir anak terbuka,
kemudian angkat dan miringkan sedikit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepala kebelakang untuk menposisikan titik langit – langit hidung agar
memudahkan pemberian O<sub>2.</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Posisi ini penting untuk mengalirkan udara masuk batang tenggorokan
kemudian menuju ke paru-paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Jika terdapat muntahan, bersihkan mulut
anak sebelum memberikan bantuan pernafasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Bersihkan sekret atau muntahan dengan jari
atau spuit balon setelah memiringkan kepala anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Jika menggunakan spuit balon,
peras dulu sebelum meletakkannya kedalam mulut, kemudian lepaskan tekanan balon
untuk memindahkan meterial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l0 level9 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Jika
penolong melihat objek (sekret atau muntahan), masukkan tangan lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke dalam mulut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l0 level9 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.</span>Gerakkan / pindahkan jari ke arah
anda ke dalam bagian belakang tenggorokan. Tindakan ini akan membantu membuang
benda asing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B = BREATING (PERNAFASAN)</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika mulut sudah bersih, kembalikan posisi kepala dan
obserfasi dada untuk mengetahui apakah anak mulai bernafas. Tempatkan telinga
penolong dekat dengan mulut anak dan lihat, dengarkan, rasakan nafas anak
selama 3 – 5 detik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika anak tidak mulai bernafas, penolong harus
memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bantuan nafas pada anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level9 lfo11; tab-stops: list 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Buka lebar mulut anak, tutup hidung dengan
jari dan tutup mulut anak dengan mulut anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level9 lfo11; tab-stops: list 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Beri 2 tiupan pelan sekitar 1- 1 ½ detik
lamanya, berhenti sebentar untuk menarik nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Setiap tiupan nafas harus
cukup untuk mengangkat atau mengembangkan dada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Jika penolong tidak melihat pengembangan
dada, kembalikan posisi kepala dan coba lagi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Setelah reposisi kepala, jika
anda tetap tidak melihat pengembangan dada, ikuti untuk perawatan anak
tersedak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Jika anak muntah, miringkan kepala dan
bersihkan mulut dengan jari atau dengan spuit balon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C = CIRCULATION (SIRKULASI)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Setelah memberikan 2 tiupan nafas dan melihat
pengembangan dada, jika anak belum bernafas periksa nadi anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tempatkan
jari telunjuk dan jari tengah anda dengan ringan pada lengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagian dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dekat tubuh anak. Rasakan selama 5 detik. Lakukan ini sebelum kasus
menjadi lebih gawat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Jika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat nadi tetapi tidak ada pernafasan,
teruskan berikan nafas bantuan sampai anak mulai bernafas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Pada banyi, anak 1 – 8 tahun,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kecepatan kira-kira 1 kali nafas setiap 3 detik atau 20 kali per menit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Bantuan pernafasan merupakan hal yang diperlukan agar dapat mulai
bernafas kembali.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Jika sudah dapat bernafas, lihat langkah nomor 18.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Lakukan
RJP (kompresi jantung) jika tidak ada nadi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level8 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Berikan posisi yang tepat untuk melakukan
kompresi jantung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Gunakan satu tangan untuk
memegang kepala anak pada posisi yang benar. Gunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tangan lain, tarik garis imajinsi yang
menghubungkan putting anak dan letakkan 2 jari pada titik di bawah garis
imajiner pada tulang rusuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Gunakan jari tengah dan kelingking, tekan
pada tulang rusuk dengan jarak ½ - 1 inci ulangi tekan 5 kali. Setiap setelah 5
kali kompresi berhenti dan beri anak 1 kali bantuan nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tekan dada kurang lebih 100 kali per
menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Untuk menghindari tidak
terlalu cepat hitung 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dikepala anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Setelah sekitar 1 menit, berhenti dan
periksa anak untuk melihat apakah anak mulai bernafas atau nadi muncul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Panggil nomor darurat 118 jika
anda sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Jika anda akan memindahkan
anak untuk mendapatkan bantuan/menghindari bahaya, usahakan untuk tidak menghentikan
RJP lebih dari 5 detik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">RJP dapat dihentikan jika setelah satu ini
muncul :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.55pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak mulai bernafas dan detak jantung mulai kembali
normal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.55pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anda digantikan oleh orang lain yang dapat melakukan
CPR.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.55pt;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Anda memperoleh bantuan medis dan sudah
dimulai tindakan lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 76.55pt; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.55pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anda kelelahan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Posisi
pemulihan (Recovery Position).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Jika anak mulai bernafas sendiri dan tidak dicurigai adanya injuri,
letakkan anak dengan posisi miring dengan kepala direbahkan pada lengan dan
dengan tungkai sebelah atas ditekuk lututnya dan istirahatkan pada permukaan
yang kuat dan rata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Catat gambaran yang terlihat dan segera telepon 118. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
BAB 1V</h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>PEMBAHASAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penyebab gagal nafas pada An A adalah kejang yang dialami selama <u>+</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5-10 menit yang disebabkan oleh panas tinggi
yang tidak tertangani secara tepat sehingga menyebabkan spasme otot pernafasan
yang menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebutuhan oksigen tidak
dapat terpenuhi. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori yang menyatakan penyebab dari
gagal nafas antara lain: gangguan jalan nafas bagian atas, gangguan jalan nafas
bagian bawah serta gangguan susunan saraf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Proses
terjadinya gagal nafas pada kejang adalah pada keadaan demam kenaikan suhu
tubuh 1° C akan menyebabkan kenaikan kebutuhan oksigen 20 – 60 %. Pada kenaikan
suhu tubuh tertentu dapat terjadi perubahan keseimbangan dari membran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sel neuron dan dalam waktu yang singkat dapat
terjadi difusi ion kalium maupun ion natrium melalui membran tersebut sehingga
dapat mengakibatkan lepasnya muatan listrik. Lepasnya muatan listrik ini
sedemikian besar sehingga dapat meluas ke seluruh sel maupun ke membran
sel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetangganya dengan bantuan
neurotransmiter sehingga menyebabkan kejang. Kejang yang lama (>10 menit)
dapat menyebabkan spasme otot pernafasan sehingga menimbulkan apnue dan gagal
nafas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masalah
keperawatan yang utama pada gagal nafas adalah gangguan pertukaran gas, dimana
proses terjadinya adalah sebagai berikut Gagal nafas dapat menyebabkan
kegagalan ventilasi sehingga menyebbakan gangguan difusi dan retensi CO2 yang
menyebabkan hipoksemia dan hiperkapnea yang menyebabkan gangguan ventilasi
alveolus, hipoventilasi alveoli sehingga pertukaran gas (oksigen) dalam tubuh
terganggu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masalah
keperawatan yang kedua adalah peningkatan suhu tubuh, peningkatan suhu tubuh
ini yang menyebabkan terjadinya kejang pada anak A. menurut teori proses
terjadinya kejang yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan suhu tubuh adalah sebagai
berikut kenaikan suhu tubuh 1° C akan menyebabkan kenaikan kebutuhan oksigen 20
– 60 %. Tiap anak mempunyai ambang kejang yang berbeda dan tergantung dari dari
tinggi rendahnya ambang kejang seorang anak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang menderita kejang pada suhu tertentu. Pada anak dengan ambang kejang
yang rendah, kejang dapat terjadi pada suhu tubuh 38°C sedangkan pada anak
dengan ambang kejang yang tinggi, kejang dapat terjadi pada suhu tubuh 40 °C
atau lebih. Pada An A saat sebelum kejang suhu tubuh 39,4°C. berdasarkan hal
tersebut prioritas penatalaksanaan berikutnya adalah menurunkan suhu tubuh
untuk mencegah terjadinya kejang ulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masalah
keperawatan yang ketiga adalah perubahan proses keluarga b.d krisis situasi
yang disebabkan karena penyakit yang serius pada anak. Kecemasan yang dialami
oleh keluarga dapat disebabkan karena ketidaktahuan tentang kondisi yang
dialami oleh pasien sehingga Intervensi keperawatan yang dapat dilakukan adalah
memberikan penjelasan tentang keadaan yang dialami oleh klien, menjelaskan
tentang tujuan prosedur yang akan dilakukan, sehingga didiharapkan dengan
menurunkan kecemasan yang dialami oleh keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
BAB V</h1>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesimpulan</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b>Gagal
nafas merupakan suatu kegawatan yang memerlukan penanganan secara cepat, tepat
dan komprehensif dengan prioroitas ABC sebagai pedoman penanganan. Penyebab
dari gagal nafas juga harus dikelola secara tepat sehingga gagal nafas dapat
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suhu tubuh dan perubahan proses keluarga. Peningkatan suhu tubuh pada anak A
merupakan penyebab terjadinya kejang yang menyebabkan terjadinya gagal nafas,
berdasarkan hal tersebut tindakan keperawatan untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh
sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah terjadinya kejang berulang yang dapat
menyebabkan kejang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Saran</b></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam melakukan penanganan
gagal nafas, terutama dalam penanganan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A
(mempertahankan jalan nafas) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>harus
diperhatikan posisi tidur pasien, yaitu dalam posisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sniffing position,</i> dengan cara posisi terlentang dengan meletakkan
ganjalan dibawah bahu. Posisi yang tepat dapat dapat mencegah jatuhnya lidah
kebelakang sehingga dapat menekan dinding farink bagian belakang yang akan
menutupi jalan nafas..</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam penanganan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B (pemberian bantuan pernafasan) </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus diperhatikan cara memberikan VTP secara
tepat, yaitu tekanan positif diberikan sesuai dengan irama pernafasan
penderita, yaitu saat terjadinya inspirasi.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-45017776852847311232012-11-13T04:15:00.000-08:002012-11-13T04:42:10.833-08:00ASKEP KEJANG DEMAM PADA ANAK<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="color: blue;">KEJANG DEMAM </span></b></div>
<b>A. PENGERTIAN</b><br />
Kejang merupakan perubahan fungsi otak mendadak dan sementara sebagai akibat dari aktivitas neuronal yang abnormal dan pelepasan listrik serebral yang berlebihan.(betz & Sowden,2002)<br />
Kejang demam ialah bangkitan kejang yang terjadi pada kenaikan suhu tubuh ( suhu rektal diatas 380 C) yang disebabkan oleh proses ekstrakranium.<br />
Jadi kejang demam adalah kenaikan suhu tubuh yang menyebabkan perubahan fungsi otak akibat perubahan potensial listrik serebral yang berlebihan sehingga mengakibatkan renjatan berupa kejang.<br />
<b><br />B. ETIOLOGI</b><br />
Infeksi ekstrakranial , misalnya OMA dan infeksi respiratorius bagian atas<br />
<br />
<b>C. PATOFISIOLOGI </b><br />
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Peningkatan suhu tubuh dapat mengubah keseimbangan dari membran sel neuron dan dalam waktu singkat terjadi difusi ion kalium dan natrium melalui membran tersebut dengan akibat teerjadinya lepas muatan listrik. Lepas muatan listrik ini demikian besarnya sehingga dapat meluas keseluruh sel maupun membran sel sekitarnya dengan bantuan bahan yang disebut neurotransmiter dan terjadi kejang. Kejang demam yang terjadi singkat pada umumnya tidak berbahaya dan tidak meninggalkan gejala sisa. Tetapi kejang yang berlangsung lama ( lebih dari 15 menit ) biasanya disertai apnea, meningkatnya kebutuhan oksigen dan energi untuk kontraksi otot skelet yang akhirnya terjadi hipoksemia, hiperkapnia, asidosis laktat yang disebabkan oleh metabolisme anaerobik, hipotensi arterial disertai denyut jantung yang tidak teratur dan suhu tubuh makin meningkat yang disebabkan oleh makin meningkatnya aktivitas otot, dan selanjutnya menyebabkan metabolisme otak meningkat. Faktor terpenting adalah gangguan peredaran darah yang mengakibatkan hipoksia sehingga meningkatkan permeabilitas kapiler dan timbul edema otak yang mngakibatkan kerusakan sel neuron otak. Kerusakan pada daerah medial lobus temporalis setelah mendapat serangan kejang yang berlangsung lama dapat menjadi matang dikemudian hari sehingga terjadi serangan epilepsi spontan, karena itu kejang demam yang berlangsung lama dapat menyebabkan kelainan anatomis diotak hingga terjadi epilepsi.</div>
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Infeksi
ekstrakranial : suhu tubuh</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MANIFESTASI KLINIK</b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang parsial ( fokal, lokal )</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang parsial sederhana :</div>
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Kesadaran
tidak terganggu, dapat mencakup satu atau lebih hal berikut ini :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tanda – tanda motoris, kedutan pada wajah, atau
salah satu sisi tubuh; umumnya gerakan setipa kejang sama.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tanda atau gejala otonomik: muntah, berkeringat,
muka merah, dilatasi pupil.</div>
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</span></span></span>Gejala somatosensoris atau sensoris khusus :
mendengar musik, merasa seakan ajtuh dari udara, parestesia.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gejala psikis : dejavu, rasa takut, visi
panoramik.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang parsial kompleks</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Terdapat gangguankesadaran, walaupun pada
awalnya sebagai kejang parsial simpleks</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dapat mencakup otomatisme atau gerakan otomatik
: mengecap – ngecapkan bibir,mengunyah, gerakan menongkel yang berulang – ulang
pada tangan dan gerakan tangan lainnya.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dapat tanpa otomatisme : tatapan terpaku</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang umum ( konvulsi atau non konvulsi )</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang absens</div>
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</span></span></span>Gangguan kewaspadaan dan responsivitas</div>
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</span></span></span>Ditandai dengan tatapan terpaku yang umumnya
berlangsung kurang dari 15 detik</div>
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</span></span></span>Awitan dan akhiran cepat, setelah itu kempali
waspada dan konsentrasi penuh</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang mioklonik</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kedutan – kedutan involunter pada otot atau sekelompok
otot yang terjadi secara mendadak.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sering terlihat pada orang sehat selaam tidur
tetapi bila patologik berupa kedutan keduatn sinkron dari bahu, leher, lengan
atas dan kaki.</div>
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</span></span></span>Umumnya berlangsung kurang dari 5 detik dan
terjadi dalam kelompok</div>
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</span></span></span>Kehilangan kesadaran hanya sesaat.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang tonik klonik</div>
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</span></span></span>Diawali dengan kehilangan kesadaran dan saat
tonik, kaku umum pada otot ekstremitas, batang tubuh dan wajah yang berlangsung
kurang dari 1 menit</div>
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</span></span></span>Dapat disertai hilangnya kontrol usus dan
kandung kemih</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Saat tonik diikuti klonik pada ekstrenitas atas
dan bawah.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Letargi, konvulsi, dan tidur dalam fase
postictal</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang atonik</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hilngnya tonus secara mendadak sehingga dapat
menyebabkan kelopak mata turun, kepala menunduk,atau jatuh ke tanah.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Singkat dan terjadi tanpa peringatan.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KOMPLIKASI</b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Aspirasi</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Asfiksia</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Retardasi mental</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">UJI LABORATORIUM DAN DIAGNOSTIK</b></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Elektroensefalogram ( EEG ) : dipakai unutk membantu
menetapkan jenis dan fokus dari kejang.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemindaian
CT : menggunakan kajian sinar X yang lebih
sensitif dri biasanya untuk mendeteksi perbedaan kerapatan jaringan.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Magneti resonance imaging ( MRI ) : menghasilkan
bayangan dengan menggunakan lapanganmagnetik dan gelombang radio, berguna untuk
memperlihatkan daerah – daerah otak yang itdak jelas terliht bila menggunakan
pemindaian CT</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemindaian positron emission tomography ( PET ) : untuk
mengevaluasi kejang yang membandel dan membantu menetapkan lokasi lesi,
perubahan metabolik atau alirann darah dalam otak</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Uji laboratorium</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pungsi lumbal : menganalisis cairan serebrovaskuler</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hitung darah lengkap : mengevaluasi trombosit
dan hematokrit</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Panel elektrolit</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Skrining toksik dari serum dan urin</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>GDA</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar kalsium darah</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar natrium darah</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l6 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kadar magnesium darah</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENATALAKSANAAN MEDIS</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberantas kejang Secepat mungkin</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.3pt; text-indent: -.7pt;">
Diberikan
antikonvulsan secara intravena jika klien masih dalam keadaan kejang, ditunggu
selama 15 menit, bila masih terdapat kejang diulangi suntikan kedua dengan
dosis yang sama juga secara intravena. Setelah 15 menit suntikan ke 2 masih
kejang diberikan suntikan ke 3 dengan dosis yang sama tetapi melalui
intramuskuler, diharapkan kejang akan berhenti. Bila belum juga berhenti dapat
diberikan fenobarbital atau paraldehid 4 % secara intravena.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengobatan penunjang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt;">
Sebelum memberantas
kejang tidak boleh Dilupakan perlunya pengobatan penunjang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Semua pakaian ketat dibuka</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Posisi kepala sebaiknya miring untuk mencegah
aspirasi isi lambung</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Usahakan agar jalan nafas bebas untuk menjamin
kebutuhan oksigen, bila perlu dilakukan intubasi atau trakeostomi.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Penhisapan lendir harus dilakukan secara tertur
dan diberikan oksigen.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengobatan rumat </div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Profilaksis intermiten</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 53.9pt;">
Untuk mencegah kejang
berulang, diberikan obat campuran anti konvulsan dan antipietika. Profilaksis
ini diberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai kemungkinan sangat
kecil anak mendapat kejang demam sederhana yaitu kira - kira sampai anak umur 4
tahun.</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Profilaksis jangka panjang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 15.05pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Diberikan
pada keadaan </div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 73.7pt; text-indent: -22.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Y<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Epilepsi yang diprovokasi oleh demam</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 73.7pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 73.7pt; text-indent: -22.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Y<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kejang demam yang mempunyai ciri :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90.7pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 91.7pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terdapat gangguan perkembangan saraf seperti serebral
palsi, retardasi perkembangan dan mikrosefali</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90.7pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 91.7pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila kejang berlangsung lebih dari 15 menit, berdifat
fokal atau diikiuti kelainan saraf yang sementara atau menetap</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90.7pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 91.7pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Riwayat kejang tanpa demam yang bersifat genetik</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 90.7pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 91.7pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang demam pada bayi berumur dibawah usia 1 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencari dan mengobati penyebab</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 17.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN KEJANG
DEMAM</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengkajian</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
Pengkajian
neurologik :</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tanda – tanda vital</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Suhu</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pernapasan</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Denyut jantung</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tekanan darah</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tekanan nadi</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hasil pemeriksaan kepala</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Fontanel : menonjol, rata, cekung</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lingkar kepala : dibawah 2 tahun</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bentuk Umum</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Reaksi pupil</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ukuran</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Reaksi terhadap cahaya</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kesamaan respon</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tingkat kesadaran</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kewaspadaan : respon terhadap panggilan</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Iritabilitas</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Letargi dan rasa mengantuk</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Orientasi terhadap diri sendiri dan orang lain</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Afek</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Alam perasaan</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Labilitas</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Aktivitas kejang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jenis</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lamanya</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Fungsi sensoris</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Reaksi terhadap nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Reaksi terhadap suhu</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Refleks</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Refleks tendo superfisial</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Reflek patologi</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kemampuan intelektual</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kemampuan menulis dan menggambar</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kemampuan membaca</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Diagnosa keperawatan</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko tinggi cidera</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan citra tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko tinggi koping keluarga dan koping individu tidak
efektif</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 17.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Intervensi keperawatan</b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kejang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lindungi anak dari cidera</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jangan mencoba untuk merestrain anak</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jika anak berdiri atau duduk sehingga terdapat
kemungkinan jatuh, turunkan anak tersebut agar tidak jatuh</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jangan memasukan benda apapun kedalam mulut anak</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Longgarkan pakaiannya jika ketat</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cegah anak agar tidak trpukul benda tajam,
lapisi setiap benda yang mungkin terbentur dengan anak dan singkirkan semua
benda tajam dari daerah tersebut</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Miringkan badan anak untuk mem fasilitasi
bersihan jalan nafas dari sekret</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lakukan observasi secara teliti dan catat aktiitas
kejang untuk membantu diagnosis atau pengkajian respon pengobatan</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Waktu awitan dan kejadian pemicu</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Aura</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Jenis kejang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lamanya kejang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Intervensi selama kejang</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tanda tanda vital</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<b>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Betz Cecily L, Sowden Linda A. (2002). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Saku Keperawatan Pediatri</i>. Jakarta : EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sacharin Rosa M. (1996). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prinsip Keperawatan Pediatrik</i>. Alih bahasa : Maulanny R.F. Jakarta
: EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Arjatmo T.(2001). <i>Keadaan Gawat Yang Mengancam Jiwa</i>.
Jakarta : gaya baru</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kejang Pada Anak</b>. www.
Pediatrik.com/knal.php</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-85199712829781543092012-11-01T11:31:00.002-07:002012-11-01T11:31:53.997-07:00KONSEP TUMBUH KEMBANG PRE SCHOOL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="IN">KONSEP TUMBUH KEMBANG</span></b></span><span lang="IN"> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Menurut Joyce Engel (1999), yang dikatakan anak usia pra sekolah adalah anak-anak yang berusia berkisar 3-6 tahun.<br />Ada beberapa aspek yang perlu diperhatikan untuk mengukur tingkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak, yaitu :</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek motorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek kognitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek sosialisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pola pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak menunjukkan
variasi normal yang luas, sehingga perlu cara dan istilah statistik untuk
menilainya. Terdapat 3 macam cara untuk menunjukkan suatu variasi normal yang
pada umumnya disusun dalam bentuk tabel atau dalam kartu pertumbuhan (growth
card), yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Menggunakan mean dan standar
deviasi (SD)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Mean adalah nilai
rata-rata ukuran anak yang dianggap normal, dengan cara ini seorang anak dapat
ditentukan posisinya, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mean ± 1 SD, mencakup 66,6 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mean ± 2 SD, mencakup 95 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Mean ± 3 SD, mencakup 97,7 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Menggunakan persentil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Besarnya persentil menunjukkan posisi
suatu hasil pengukuran dalam urutan yang khas, yaitu dari yang terkecil sampai
yang terbesar, dari 100 hasil pengukuran (100%). Persentil ke-10 berarti bahwa
anak tersebut berada pada posisi anak ke-10 dari bawah, dimana 9 anak lebih
kecil darinya dan 90 anak lebih besar darinya. Sedangkan persentil ke-50
berarti bahwa anak tersebut berada pada urutan ke-50 sehingga jumlah yang sama
berada di bawah dan di atasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Menggunakan persentase</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Besarnya variasi normal berada di antara
persentasi tertentu terhadap suatu nilai patokan yang dianggap 100 %.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Misalnya, pada Lokakarya Antopometri Gizi
Depkes 1975 bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Nilai 100 % untuk berat atau nilai
persentil ke-50 dari Baku Harvard</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Variasi normal berada antara 80 –
110 %.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dalam pengkajian yang dilakukan pada anak usia pra sekolah
digunakan parameter penilaian pertumbuhan dan perkembangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Parameter penilaian pertumbuhan
fisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Untuk memperkirakan berat badan anak
dapat menggunakan rumus yang dikutip dari Behrman (1992). Karena anak usia pra
sekolah termasuk termasuk ke dalam usia 1 – 6 tahun, maka untuk memperkirakan
berat badannya digunakan rumus : umur (tahun) x 2 + 8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Klasifikasi berat badan terhadap umur :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gomez</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Baku Boston</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Cara : % dari median</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">> 90 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">75 – 90 % : malnutrisi ringan
(grade 1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">61 – 75 % : malnutrisi sedang
(grade 2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">≤ 60 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi berat (grade 3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Jellifre</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Baku Boston</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Cara : % dari median</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">90 – 110 % : normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">81 – 90 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi ringan (grade 1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">61 – 80 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi sedang (grade 2 dan 3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">≤ 60 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi berat (grade 4)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi menurut WHO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Baku NCHS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Cara : persentil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Persentil ke 3 – 50 : normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Persentil ≤ 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi di Indonesia </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Baku Boston</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Cara : % dari median dan kenaikan berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Menggunakan modifikasi Gomez pada KMS, kemudian kenaikan
berat badan dicatat pada KMS. Bila terdapat kenaikan tiap bulan : normal, bila
tidak terdapat kenaikan : resiko tinggi terjadinya gangguan pertumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Tinggi badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Masih menurut Behrman (1992), perkiraan tinggi badan anak
usia pra sekolah dapat menggunakan rumus : umur (tahun) x 6 + 77.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Rata-rata kenaikan tinggi badan anak pra sekolah antara 6 –
8 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Klasifikasi tinggi badan terhadap umur :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kanawati dan Mc Laren</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">≥ 95 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">80 – 95 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi ringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">85 – 90 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi sedang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 72.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">85 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: malnutrisi berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">CDC/ WHO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">≥ 90 % : normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">< 90 % : stunted/malnutrisi
kronis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Lingkar kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Lingkar kepala mencerminkan volume intra kranial. Digunakan
untuk menaksir pertumbuhan otak. Kenaikan berat otak anak pra sekolah (3-6
tahun) seperti yang dikutip dari Lazuardi (1984) adalah 0,15 gram/24 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gigi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Saat akan mencapai usia 2,5 tahun, anak sudah memiliki 20
gigi susu. Waktu erupsi gigi tetap adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Molar pertama : 6-7 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Insisor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 7-9 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Pre molar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 9-11 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Kaninus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 10-12 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Molar ke-2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 12-16 tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 87.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Molar ke-3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 17-25 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Jaringan lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pertumbuhan jaringan lemak pada anak
melambatsampai anak berumur 6 tahun. Pada anak usia pra sekolahtubuhnya akan
tampak kurus/langsing karena terjadi proses pertumbuhan jaringan lemak yang
melambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Lingkar Lengan atas (LLA) mencerminkan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jarinagn lemak.dan otot yang tidak terpengaruh
banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh keadaan cairan tubuh
dibandingkan dengan berat badan. LLA dapat digunakan untuk menilai keadaan gizi
atau pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada kelompok anak pra sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Klasifikasi LLA menurut WHO dan Shakir :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Baku Wolanski : 16,5 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Cara : % dari median</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Klasifikasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 5.8pt;">
<span lang="IN">1). > 85% atau > 14 cm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 48.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 5.8pt;">
<span lang="IN">2). < 76% atau < 12,5 cm :
malnutrisi berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Parameter penilaian perkembangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek motorik</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dimulai pada aspek motorik, anak usia pra sekolah telah dapat berjalan
naik tangga dengan kaki secara berganti-ganti tetapi turun dengan 2 kaki pada
satu anak tangga, seringkali meompat pada anak tangga terakhir. Selain itu,
anak usia ini mampu mengendarai sepeda roda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tiga dan dapat berjalan sambil berjingkat. Anak ini dapat membangun sebuah
menara kecil dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan 9-10
kubus. Ia dapat berjalan, membuka pakaian sendiri dan mulai dapat mengaitkan
kancing. Manipulasi dengan pensil berlanjut terus dan ia mampu untuk menjiplak
suatu lingkaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Ketika menginjak usia 3-4 tahun, anak mulai mampu naik dan turun
menggunakan satu kaki per anak tangga. Ia mampu melompat dengan satu kaki untuk
waktu yang pendek. Kemudian anak ini juga dapat memperlihatkan ketangkasan yang
besar pada tangan dan jari-jari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dalam hal menggambar, anak usia pra sekolah dapat mengggambar orang
dalam beberapa bagian. Dari kesemua kemampuan tersebut di atas, pada usia 6
tahun, anak mulai dapat menggunakan gunting dan pensil dengan baik, serta
menjahit dengan kasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dengan aspek bahasa, anak umur 3 tahun mampu untuk berbicara dengan
normal bahkan bisa dikatakan terlalu banyak bicara, tetapi kadang-kadang
terdapat substitusi fonetik yang infantil. Kosakata yang telah dikuasai
kira-kira 900 kata. Anak dapat menggunakan bentuk jamak dan kata ganti serta bahasa
berlanjut dari fase holoprastik menjadi fase pembentukan kalimat yang kompleks,
secara spesifik kalimat tersebut terdiri dari 6 kata. Anak dapat pula melakukan
percakapan dengan berbagai derajat yang kompleks dan menanyakan
banyakmpertanyaan-pertanyaan. Dalam hal ini anak senang sekali mendengarkan
cerita-cerita dan seringkali mampu mengadakan improvisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Ketika usia beranjak 4 tahun, anak menguasai 1500 kosakata, karena
pencapaian bahasa telah mencapai suatu tingkat yang tinggi. Anak dapat
menghubungkan cerita dari peristiwa-peristiwa dan pengalaman-pengalaman yang
baru terjadi. Anak juga mampu untuk bermain dengan kata-kata, mengetahui
artinya dan secara kontinu mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan. Lagu-lagu
sederhana dapat dikuasai dan memahami analogi sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Berbeda ketika anak berusia 5 tahun, pembicaraannya sudah mulai lancar
dan perbendaharaan katanya sangat luas. Anak seringkali menanyakan arti dari
suatu kata yang didengarnya. Anak senang mendengarkan cerita dan
menceritakannya kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Anak dengan usia 6 tahun, perkembangan bahasanya ditunjukkan dengan
menguraikan objek-objek lewat gambar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek kognitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Perkembangan kognitif anak usia pra sekolah mulai tampak dengan
digunakannya simbol-simbol untuk menuangkan apa yang dipikirkannya, bersikap egosentrik
dan berpikiran representatif. Permainan yang digemari oleh anak seusia ini
berkaitan dengan fantasi atau khayalan. Konsep waktu mulai dimengerti oleh anak
secara bertahap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Di usia 4 tahun, konsep waktu yang telah diketahui sebelumnya
dihubungkan dengan kejadian sehari-hari, senang belajar berhitung, meskipun
belum paham dengan angka-angka yang dihitung, sikap egosentrik berangsur
menurun dan mampu menyebutkan satu atau lebih uang logam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pada usia 5 tahun, anak mulai bisa memahami kata-kata yang keluar dari
mulutnya, dapat menyebutkan 4 warna dasar, mulai tertarik menghubungkan
kenyataan yang ada dengan lingkungan sekitarnya dan mampu menyebutkan nama
hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Usia 6 tahun, anak menunjukkan perkembangan kognitifnya melalui
kemampuan membedakan antara kanan dan kiri, mengenali banyak bentuk dan
mematuhi 3 perintah berturut-turut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Aspek sosialisasi</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Di usia 3 tahun, perilaku anak usia pra sekalah mengarah pada negativisme, yaitu perlawanan aktif terhadap permintaan dan perintah-perintah. Sikap ramah dimunculkan kepada lingkungan, terdapat pemahaman terhadap perubahan, anak juga sudah mampu membedakan jenis kelamin, peraturan-peraturan yang sifatnnya sederhana mulai dipelajari, meskipun diinterpretasikan oleh dirinya sendiri, untuk anak laki-laki cenderung lebih dekat dengan ayahnya. Dalam hal berpakaian, anak usia 3 tahun mampu melakukannya sendiri dengan bantuan seminimal mungkin.<br />Saat usia beranjak 4 tahun, anak mampu makan sendiri (tidak disuapi), bisa menggunakan garpu, walaupun dengan telapak tangan, dapat mengunyah seperti halnya orang dewasa, ada ketakutan tersendiri terhadap gelap dan binatang. Sikap yang seringkali diperlihatkan pada anak seusia ini adalah suka mengadu, merasa mandiri dan agresif.<br />Usia 5 tahun dalam perkembangan sosialisasi ditandai dengan melakukan agresi kepada anggota keluarga, suasana hati dapat berubah-ubah, anak memasuki kelompok bermain yang kooperatif, menikmati hiburan yang ada serta mengidentifikasi orang tuanya dari jenis kelamin yang berbeda.<br />Usia 6 tahun, anak ini mulai dapat dipercaya, rasa takut berkurang, suka menggoda orang lain, kadang melakukan sikap menentang dan tidak sopan, kecemburuannya terhadap adik tampak nyata, serta berlaku curang untuk menang.</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">IMPLIKASI KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Dipandang
dari segi kelompok usia, ternyata anak-anak memiliki karakteristik yang khas
dengan segala kompleksitasnya. Dengan demikian diperlukan pendekatan yang
khusus pula, bilamana kita sebagai seorang perawat mendapati pasien anak dengan
berbagai tingkat usia, dalam hal ini secara khusus akan dibahas proses
pendekatan terhadap anak kelompok usia pra sekolah (3-6 tahun) yang sedang
sakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pertama-tama
kita harus tahu betul faktor-faktor yang sangat berpengaruh dan patut
dipertimbangkan saat berkomunikasi dengan anak-anak. Adapun faktor-faktor
tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lingkungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Menciptakan suasana lingkungan yang ramah seperti rumah, memfasilitasi
tempat bermain dan mainannya, anak-anak mengenakan pakaian bebas, meminimalkan
tingkat kebisingan di lingkungan sekitar, tempat perawatan dianjurkan dekat
dengan orang tua serta adanya kemudahan dalam aktivitas makan, minum, bermain
dan istirahat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="IN">Keamanan juga harus dijaga dengan cara, pegangan pintu dibuat dalam
posisi yang tinggi, baik jendela maupun perlengkapan lain harus dirancang khusus
demi keamanan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="IN">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komunikasi verbal dan non
verbal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Bicara pada anak sejajar dengan
mata anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gunakan bahasa yang dikenal dan
mudah dipahami oleh anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gunakan kalimat yang singkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gunakan bahasa yang positif,
misalnya “ayo ikut ibu, dan kita akan.....”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bukannya “apakah kamu ingin....” Anak kecil jangan dibiarkan dalam
posisi memilih, karena ia akan menjawab “tidak”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Jangan marah atau membentak anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Biarkan anak menjalin hubungan
dengan orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Gunakanlah sentuhan sebagai alat
komunikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Berkomunikasi melalui mainan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Perhatikan komunikasi non verbal
anda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN">Bersikaplah jujur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Untuk
proses pengkajian tidak boleh dilupakan bahwa anak-anak pra sekolah dapat
menjawab pertanyaan tentang diri mereka sendiri dan pertanyaan-pertanyaan
seharusnya diarahkan terutama pada anak sehingga mereka dapat berusaha untuk
menjawabnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Perlu juga
diingat, bahwa anak-anak tidak menyukai hal-hal yangt “diambil” dari mereka,
jadi lebih baik mengatakan “saya ini akan melihat seberapa panas kamu” daripada
“saya akan mengambil suhu kamu”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Penjelasan
akan segala macam tindakan yang akan dilakukan pada anak-anak harus sesuai
dengan tahap perkembangan dan pengertian mereka. Pada anak-anak usia pra
sekolah, jauh sebelum dilakukan tindakan dapat dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu,
baik dari segi tempat, orang maupun waktunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="IN">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Engel, Joyce. <i>Pengkajian
Pediatrik</i>. Edisi 2. Alih bahasa : Teresa. Jakarta : EGC, 1998</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Lewer, Helen. <i>Belajar
Merawat di Bangsal Anak</i>. Alih bahasa : Ernie Noviestari. Jakarta : EGC,
1996 </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<i><span lang="IN">Majalah Ayah
Bunda : Dari A sampai Z tentang Perkembangan Anak</span></i><span lang="IN">.
Jakarta : Gaya Favorit Press, 2002. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Sacharin, Rosa M. <i>Prinsip
Keperawatan Pediatrik</i>. Edisi 2. Alih bahasa : RF Maulany, Jakarta : EGC, 1994.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Soetjiningsih.
Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Cetakan II. Jakarta : EGC, 1998.</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-55021207876130138992012-11-01T11:28:00.001-07:002012-11-01T11:28:12.946-07:00ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN BAYI PREMATUR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN BAYI PREMATUR</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Definisi :</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bayi baru lahir dengan umur kehamilan 37 minggu atau kurang saat kelahiran
disebut dengan bayi prematur. Walaupun kecil, bayi prematur ukurannya sesuai
dengan masa kehamilan tetapi perkembangan intrauterin yang belum sempurna dapat
menimbulkan komplikasi pada saat post natal. Bayi baru lahir yang mempunyai
berat 2500 gram atau kurang dengan umur kehamilan lebih dari 37 minggu disebut
dengan kecil masa kehamilan, ini berbeda dengan prematur, walaupun 75% dari neonatus
yang mempunyai berat dibawah 2500 gram lahir prematur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Problem klinis terjadi lebih sering pada bayi prematur dibandingkan dengan
pada bayi lahir normal. Prematuritas menimbulkan imaturitas perkembangan dan
fungsi sistem, membatasi kemampuan bayi untuk melakukan koping terhadap masalah
penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Masalah yang umum terjadi diantaranya respiratory disstres syndrom (RDS),
enterocolitis nekrotik, hiperbilirubinemia, hypoglikemia, thermoregulation,
patetnt duktus arteriosus (PDA), edema paru, perdarahan intraventrikular.
Stressor tambahan lain pada infant dan orangtua meliputi hospitalisasi untuk
penyakit pada bayi. Respon orangtua dan mekanisme koping mereka dapat
menimbulkan gangguan pada hubungan antar mereka. Diperlukan perencanaan dan
tindakan yang adekuat untuk permasalahn tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bayi prematur dapat bertahan hidup tergantung pada berat badannya, umur
kehamilan, dan penyakit atau abnormalitas. Prematur menyumbangkan 75% - 80%
angka kesakitan dan kematian neonatus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Etiologi dan faktor presipitasi:</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Permasalahan pada ibu saat kehamilan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyakit/kelainan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seperti hipertensi, toxemia, placenta previa, abruptio placenta,
incompetence cervical, janin kembar, malnutrisi dan diabetes mellitus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Tingkat sosial ekonomi yang rendah dan prenatal care yang
tidak adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Persalinan sebelum waktunya atau induced aborsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Penyalahgunaan konsumsi pada ibu seperti obat-obatan
terlarang, alkohol, merokok dan caffeine</span></div>
<h4>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pengkajian </span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Riwayat kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Status bayi baru lahir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pemeriksaan fisik secara head to toe meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kardiovaskular</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gastrointestinal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Integumen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muskuloskeletal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Neurologik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pulmonary</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Renal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Reproduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Data penunjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">X-ray pada dada dan organ lain untuk menentukan adanya
abnormalitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ultrasonografi untuk mendeteksi kelainan organ</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Stick glukosa untuk menentukan penurunan kadar glukosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kadar kalsium serum, penurunan kadar berarti terjadi
hipokalsemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kadar bilirubin untuk mengidentifikasi peningkatan
(karena pada prematur lebih peka terhadap hiperbilirubinemia)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kadar elektrolit, analisa gas darah, golongan darah,
kultur darah, urinalisis, analisis feses dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<h4>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Diagnosa keperawatan</span></h4>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
1.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Resiko
tinggi disstres pernafasan berhubungan dengan immaturitas paru dengan penurunan
produksi surfactan yang menyebabkan hipoksemia dan acidosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
2.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Resiko
hipotermia atau hipertermia berhubungan dengan prematuritas atau perubahan suhu
lingkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
3.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
Defiensi nutrisi berhubungan dengan tidak adekuatnya cadangan glikogen, zat
besi, dan kalsium dan kehilangan cadangan glikogen karena metabolisme rate yang
tinggi, tidak adekuatnya intake kalori, serta kehilangan kalori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
4.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
Ketidakseimbangan cairan berhubungan dengan imaturitas, radiasi lingkungan,
efek fototherapy atau kehilangan melalui kulit atau paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
5.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Resiko
tinggi infeksi berhubungan dengan imaturitas imunologik bayi dan kemungkinan
infeksi dari ibu atau tenaga medis/perawat</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
6.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Resiko
tinggi kerusakan integritas kulit berhubungan dengan rapuh dan imaturitas kulit</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
7.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
Gangguan sensori persepsi : visual, auditory, kinestehetik, gustatory, taktil
dan olfaktory berhubungan dengan stimulasi yang kurang atau berlebihan pada
lingkungan intensive care</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dx.
8.</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
Deficit pengetahuan (keluarga) tentang perawatan infant yang sakit di rumah</span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DARTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Klaus & Fanaroff. 1998. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penata Laksanaan Neonatus Resiko Tinggi</i>.
Edisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4
EGC. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Markum,A.H. 1991. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Ajar Ilmu Kesehatan Anak</i>, jilid I,Bagian Ilmu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesehatan
Anak,FKUI,Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nelson. 2000. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu kesehatan Anak</i>,volume 2 Edisi 15. EGC. Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wong. Donna. L. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wong & Whaley’s Clinical Manual of Pediatric<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Nursing</i>,Fourth
Edition,Mosby-Year Book Inc, St. Louis
Missouri.2000<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.
Diktat Kuliah PSIK.FK Unair</i> TA:2000/2001,Surabaya</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-87417024273389854052012-11-01T11:25:00.003-07:002012-11-01T11:25:27.777-07:00CTEV (Congenital Talipes Equino Varus)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: blue;"><u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">CTEV (Congenital Talipes
Equino Varus)</span></b></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Clubfoot</span></i><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan deformitas umum
dimana kaki berubah/bengkok dari keadaan atau posisi normal. Beberapa dari
deformitas kaki termasuk deformitas ankle disebut dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">talipes</i> yang berasal dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">talus</i>
(yang artinya ankle) dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pes</i> (yang
berarti kaki). Deformitas kaki dan ankle dipilah tergantung dari posisi
kelainan ankle dan kaki. Deformitas talipes diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Talipes
varus : inversi atau membengkok ke dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Talipes
valgus : eversi atau membengkok ke luar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Talipes
equinus : plantar fleksi dimana jari-jari lebih rendanh daripada tumit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Talipes
calcaneus : dorsofleksi dimana jari-jari lebih tinggi daripada tumit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Clubfeet yang
terbanyak merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa posisi dan angka kejadian yang
paling tinggi adalah tipe talipes equinovarus (TEV) dimana kaki posisinya
melengkung kebawah dan kedalam dengan berbagai tingkat keparahan. Unilateral
clubfoot lebih umum terjadi dibandingkan tipe bilateral dan dapat terjadi sebagai
kelainan yang berhubungan dengan sindroma lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seperti aberasi kromosomal, artrogriposis (imobilitas umum dari
persendian), cerebral palsy atau spina bifida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Frekuensi
clubfoot dari populasi umum adalah 1 : 700 sampai 1 : 1000 kelahiran hidup
dimana anak laki-laki dua kali lebih sering daripada perempuan. Berdasarkan
data, 35% terjadi pada kembar monozigot dan hanya 3% pada kembar dizigot. Ini
menunjukkan adanya peranan faktor genetika</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.</span>Patofisiologi</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penyebab pasti
dari clubfoot sampai sekarang belum diketahui. Beberapa ahli mengatakan bahwa
kelainan ini timbul karena posisi abnormal atau pergerakan yang terbatas dalam
rahim. Ahli lain mengatakan bahwa kelainan terjadi karena perkembangan
embryonic yang abnormal yaitu saat perkembangan kaki ke arah fleksi dan eversi
pada bulan ke-7 kehamilan. Pertumbuhan yang terganggu pada fase tersebut akan
menimbulkan deformitas dimana dipengaruhi pula oleh tekanan intrauterine.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Evaluasi diagnostik</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Deformitas ini
dapat dideteksi secara dini pada saat prenatal dengan ultrasonography atau
terdeteksi saat kelahiran. </span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Management therapeutik</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertumbuhan yang
cepat selama periode infant memungkinkan untuk penanganan remodelling.
Treatment dimulai saat kelainan didapatkan dan terdiri dari tiga tahapan yaitu
: 1) koreksi dari deformitas, 2) mempertahankan koreksi sampai keseimbangan
otot normal tercapai, 3) observasi dan follow up untuk mencegah kembalinya
deformitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Koreksi dari CTEV
adalah dengan manipulasi dan aplikasi dari serial “cast” yang dimulai dari
sejak lahir dan dilanjutkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai
tujuan koreksi tercapai. Koreksi ini ditunjang juga dengan latihan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">stretching</i> dari struktur sisi medial
kaki dan latihan kontraksi dari struktur yang lemah pada sisi lateral.
Manipulasi dan pemakaian “cast” ini diulangi secara teratur (dari beberapa hari
sampai 1-2 bulan dengan interval 1-2 bulan) untuk mengakomodir pertumbuhan yang
cepat pada periode ini. Jika manipulasi ini tidak efektif, dilakukan koreksi
bedah untuk memperbaiki struktur yang berlebihan, memperpanjang atau transplant
tendon. Kemudian ektremitas tersebut akan di “cast” sampai tujuan koreksi
tercapai.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Prognosis</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Beberapa kasus
menunjukkan respon yang positif terhadap penanganan, sedangkan beberapa kasus
lain menunjukkan respon yang lama atau tidak berespon samasekali terhadap
treatmen. Orangtua harus diberikan informasi bahwa hasil dari treatmen tidak
selalu dapat diprediksi dan tergantung pada tingkat keparahan dari deformitas,
umur anak saat intervensi, perkembangan tulang, otot dan syaraf. Fungsi kaki
jangka panjang setelah treatmen secara umum baik tetapi hasil study menunjukkan
bahwa koreksi saat dewasa akan menunjukkan kaki yang 10% lebih kecil dari
biasanya (Aronson & Puskarich, 1990).</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perawatan</span> </h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Asuhan keperawatan pada anak dengan koreksi non bedah sama
dengan perawatan pada anak dengan anak dengan penggunaan “cast”. Anak
memerlukan waktu yang lama pada koreksi ini, sehingga perawatan harus meliputi
tujuan jangka panjang dan tujuan jangka pendek. Observasi kulit dan sirkulasi
merupakan bagian penting pada pemakaian cast. Orangtua juga harus mendapatkan
informasi yang cukup tentang diagnosis, penanganan yang lama dan pentingnya
penggantian “cast” secara teratur untuk menunjang penyembuhan. Tugas perawat
antara lain meminta pada dokter bedah ubtuk memberikan penjelasan dan intruksi
yang adekuat pada orangtua, memberikan support emosional, mengajar orangtua
tentang perawatan “cast” (termasuk observasi terhadap komplikasi), dan
menganjurkan orangtua untuk memfasilitasi tumbuh kembang normal pada anak
walaupun ada batasan karena deformitas atau therapi yang lama.</div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perawatan
“cast” meliputi :</b></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Biarkan cast terbuka sampai kering</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Posisikan ektremitas yang dibalut pada posisi elevasi
dengan diganjal bantal pada hari pertama atau sesuai intruksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Observasi ekteremitas untuk melihat adanya bengkak,
perubahan warna kulit dan laporkan bila ada perubahan yang abnormal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cek pergerakan dan sensasi pada ektremitas secara
teratur, observasi adanya rasa nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Batasi aktivitas berat pada hari-hari pertama tetapi
anjurkan untuk melatih otot-otot secara ringan, gerakkan sendi diatas dan
dibawah cast secara teratur.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan istirahat yang lebih banyak pada hari-hari
pertama untuk mencegah injury</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Jangan biarkan anak memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam cast,
jauhkan benda-benda kecil yang bisa dimasukkan ke dalam cast oleh anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Rasa gatal dapat dukurangi dengan ice pack, amati
integritas kulit pada tepi cast dan kolaborasikan bila gatal-gatal semakin
berat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Intruksikan pada klien atau keluarga untuk tidak
mengenai cast dengan air (berenang, berendam)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila klien mengalami inkontinensia, lindungi cast
dengan plester waterproof atau plastik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daftar Pustaka :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wong, Donna L., <u>Whaley
& Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children</u>, Fifth Edition, Mosby
Company, Missouri,1995 </span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-28249455327017420092012-10-24T13:30:00.001-07:002012-10-24T13:39:14.463-07:00INTUSEPSI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 18.7pt; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><b>INTUSEPSI</b></span></div>
</div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pengertian</span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"></span></div>
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Intususepsi adalah invaginasi atau masuknya bagian
usus ke dalam perbatasan atau bagian yang lebih distal dari usus (umumnya,
invaginasi ileum masuk ke dalam kolon desendens).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Nettina, 2002)</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Suatu intususepsi terjadi bila sebagian saluran
cerna terdorong sedemikian rupa sehingga sebagian darinya akan menutupi
sebagian lainnya hingga seluruhnya mengecil atau memendek ke dalam suatu segmen
yang terletak di sebelah kaudal. (Nelson, 1999)</div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Etiologi</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Penyebab dari kebanyakan
intususepsi tidak diketahui. Terdapat hubungan dengan infeksi – infeksi virus
adeno dan keadaan tersebut dapat mempersulit gastroenteritis. Bercak – bercak
peyeri yang banyak terdapat di dalam ileum mungkin berhubungan dengan keadaan
tersebut, bercak jaringan limfoid yang membengkak dapat merangsang timbulnya
gerakan peristaltic usus dalam upaya untuk mengeluarkan massa tersebut sehingga menyebabkan
intususepsi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada puncak insidens
penyakit ini, saluran cerna bayi juga mulai diperkenalkan dengan bermacam bahan
baru. Pada sekitar 5% penderita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat
ditemukan penyebab – penyebab yang dikenali, seperti divertikulum meckeli
terbalik, suatu polip usus, duplikasi atau limfosarkoma. Secara jarang, keadaan
ini akan mempersulit purpura Henoch – Schonlein dengan sutau hematom intramural
yang bertindak sebagai puncak dari intususepsi. Suatu intususepsi pasca
pembedahan jarang dapat didiagnosis, intususepsi – intususepsi ini bersifat
iloileal. </div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Patofisiologi dan Pathways</span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kebanyakan intususepsi adalah ileokolik dan
ileoileokolik, sedikit sekokolik dan jarang hanya ileal. Secara jarang, suatu
intususepsi apendiks membentuk puncak dari lesi tersebut. Bagian atas usus,
intususeptum, berinvaginasi ke dalam usus di bawahnya, intususipiens sambil
menarik mesentrium bersamanya ke dalam ansa usus pembungkusnya. Pada mulanya
terdapat suatu konstriksi mesentrium sehingga menghalangi aliran darah balik.
Penyumbatan intususeptium terjadi akibat edema dan perdarahan mukosa yang
menghasilkan tinja berdarah, kadang – kadang mengandung lendir. Puncak dari
intususepsi dapat terbentang hingga kolon tranversum desendens dan sigmoid
bahkan ke anus pada kasus – kasus yang terlantar. Setelah suatu intususepsi
idiopatis dilepaskan, maka bagian usus yang memebentuk puncaknya tampak edema
dan menebal, sering disertai suatu lekukan pada permukaan serosa yang
menggambarkan asal dari kerusakan tersebut. Kebanyakan intususepsi tidak
menimbulkan strangulasi usus dalam 24 jam pertama, tetapi selanjutnya dapat
mengakibatkan gangren usus dan syok.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Manifestasi
Klinik</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 17.3pt;"> U</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 17.3pt;">mumnya
bayi dalam keadaan sehat dan gizi baik. Pada tahap awal muncul gejala
strangulasi berupa nyeri perut hebat yang tiba – tiba. Bayi menangis kesakitan
saat serangan dan kembali normal di antara serangan. Terdapat muntah berisi
makanan/minuman yang masuk dan keluarnya darah bercampur lendir (<i>red currant
jelly</i>) per rektum. Pada palpasi abdomen dapat teraba massa yang umumnya berbentuk seperti pisang
(silindris).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 17.3pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 17.3pt;"> Dalam
keadaan lanjut muncul tanda obstruksi usus, yaitu distensi abdomen dan muntah hijau
fekal, sedangkan massa
intraabdomen sulit teraba lagi. Bila invaginasi panjang hingga ke daerah
rektum, pada pemeriksaan colok dubur mungkin teraba ujung invaginat seperti
porsio uterus, disebut pseudoporsio. Pada sarung tangan terdapat lendir dan darah.</span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pemeriksaan
Penunjang</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Foto polos abdomen memperlihatkan
kepadatan seperti suatu massa
di tempat intususepsi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Foto setelah pemberian enema barium
memperlihatkan gagguan pengisisan atau pembentukan cekungan pada ujung barium
ketika bergerak maju dan dihalangi oleh intususepsi tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Plat datar dari abdomen menunjukkan pola
yang bertingkat (invaginasi tampak seperti anak tangga).</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Barium enema di bawah fluoroskopi
menunjukkan tampilan coiled spring pada usus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Ultrasonogram
dapat dilakukan untuk melokalisir area usus yang masuk.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Prinsip
pengobatan dan managemen keperawatan</h2>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Penurunan
dari intususepsi dapat dilakukan dengan suntikan salin, udara atau barium ke
dalam kolon. Metode ini tidak sering dikerjakan selama terdapat suatu resiko
perforasi, walaupun demikian kecil, dan tidak terdapat jaminan dari penurunan
yang berhasil.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Reduksi
bedah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perawatan
prabedah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.2pt; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Rutin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 143.2pt; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -87.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Tuba
naso gastrik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Koreksi
dehidrasi (jika ada)</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Reduksi
intususepsi dengan penglihatan langsung, menjaga usus hangat dengan salin
hangat. Ini juga membantu penurunan edema.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Plasma
intravena harus dapat diperoleh pada kasus kolaps.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jika
intususepsi tidak dapat direduksi, maka diperlukan reseksi dan anastomosis
primer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Penatalaksanaan
pasca bedah:</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Rutin</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perawatan inkubator untuk bayi yang
kecil</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pemberian oksigen</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Dilanjutkannya cairan intravena</span></div>
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<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Antibiotika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jika
dilanjutkannya suatu ileostomi, drainase penyedotan dikenakan pada tuba
ileostomi hingga kelanjutan dari lambung dipulihkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi fungsi vital</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pengkajian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.5pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -60.8pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pengkajian
fisik secara umum</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Riwayat
kesehatan</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi
pola feses dan tingkah laku sebelum dan sesudah operasi</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi
tingkah laku anak/bayi</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi
manifestasi terjadi intususepsi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri
abdomen paroksismal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anak
menjerit dan melipat lutut ke arah dada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anak
kelihatan normal dan nyaman selama interval diantara episode nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Letargi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Feses
seperti jeli kismis mengandung darah dan mucus, tes hemocculi positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Feses
tidak ada meningkat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Distensi
abdomen dan nyeri tekan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Massa</span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"> terpalpasi yang seperti sosis di
abdomen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anus
yang terlihat tidak biasa, dapat tampak seperti prolaps rectal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Dehidrasi
dan demam sampai kenaikan 41<sup>0</sup>C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Keadaan
seperti syok dengan nadi cepat, pucat dan keringat banyak </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi
manifestasi intususepsi yang kronis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diare</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Anoreksia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kehilangan
berat badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kadang
– kadang muntah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri
yang periodic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri
tanpa gejala lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kaji dengan prosedur diagnostik dan tes
seperti pemeriksaan foto polos abdomen, barium enema dan ultrasonogram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Masalah Keperawatan</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.7pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri
berhubungan dengan invaginasi usus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Syok hipolemik berhubungan dengan
muntah, perdarahan dan akumulasi cairan dan elektrolit dalam lumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Ansietas berhubungan dengan kurangnya
pengetahuan, lingkungan yang asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Inefektif termoregulasi berhubungan
dengan proses inflamasi, demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri berhubungan dengan insisi
pembedahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perencanaan</h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.5pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -60.8pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Preoperasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level4 lfo5; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosa
keperawatan: nyeri berhubungan dengan invaginasi usus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
Tujuan: berkurangnya rasa nyeri sesuai dengan
toleransi yang dirasakan anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kriteria Hasil: anak menunjukkan tanda –
tanda tidak ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nyeri atau
ketidaknyamanan yang minimum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; text-indent: 18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Observasi
perilaku bayi sebagai indikator nyeri, dapat peka rangsang dan sangat sensitif
untuk perawatan atau letargi atau tidak responsive.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perlakuan
bayi dengan sangat lembut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jelaskan
penyebab nyeri dan yakinkan orangtua tentang tujuan tes diagnostik dan
pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Yakinkan
anak bahwa analgesik yang diberikan akan mengurangi rasa nyeri yang dirasakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jelaskan
tentang intususepsi dan reduksi hidrostatik usus yang dapat mengurangi
intususepsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jelaskan
resiko terjadinya nyeri yang berulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level5 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kolaborasi:
berikan analgesik untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level6 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosa
keperawatan: syok hipovolemik berhubungan dengan muntah, perdarahan dan
akumulasi cairan dan elektrolit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam lumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3">
Tujuan: volume sirkulasi (keseimbangan cairan dan
elektrolit) dapat dipertahankan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.1pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kriteria
Hasil: tanda – tanda syok hipovolemik tidak terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.1pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pantau
tanda vital, catat adanya hipotensi, takikardi, takipnea, demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pantau
masukan dan haluaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Perhatikan
adanya mendengkur atau pernafasan cepat dan dangkal jika berada pada keadaan
syok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pantau
frekuensi nadi dengan cernat dan ketahui rentang nadi yang tepat untuk usia
anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Laporkan
adanya takikardi yang mengindikasikan syok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kurangi
suhu karena demam meningkatkan metabolisme dan membuat oksigenasi selama
anestesi menjadi lebih sulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kolaborasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Lakukan pemeriksaan
laboratorium: Hb/Ht, elektrolit, protein, albumin, BUN, kreatinin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 74.8pt;">
Berikan plasma/darah,
cairan, elektrolit, diuretic sesuai indikasi untuk memelihara volume darah
sirkulasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosa
keperawatan: ansietas berhubungan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan, lingkungan yang
asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Tujuan: rasa cemas pada anak
dapat berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kriteria hasil: anak dapat
beristirahat dengan tenang dan melakukan prosedur tanpa cemas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Beri
pendidikan kesehatan sebelum dilakukan operasi untuk mengurangi rasa cemas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Orientasikan
klien dengan lingkungan yang masih asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pertahankan
ada orang yang selalu menemani klien untuk meningkatkan rasa aman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jelaskan
alasan dilakukan tindakan pembedahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level7 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Jelaskan
semua prosedur pembedahan yang akan dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.5pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -60.8pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Post
operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level8 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosa
keperawatan: nyeri berhubungan dengan insisi pembedahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Tujuan: berkurangnya rasa
nyeri sesuai dengan toleransi pada anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kriteria Hasil: anak
menunjukkan tanda – tanda tidak ada nyeri atau ketidaknyamanan yang minimum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Intervensi: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 333.0pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -276.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Hindarkan
palpasi area operasi jika tidak diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Masukkan
selang rektal jika diindikasikan, untuk membebaskan udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Dorong
untuk buang air untuk mencegah distensi vesika urinaria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Berikan
perawatan mulut untuk memberikan rasa nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Lubrikasi
lubang hidung untuk mengurangi iritasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Berikan
posisi yang nyaman pada anak jika tidak ada kontraindikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l7 level9 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kolaborasi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Berikan analgesi untuk
mengatasi rasa nyeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Berikan antiemetik sesuai
pesanan untuk rasa mual dan muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; mso-list: l7 level8 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">©<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Diagnosa
keparawatan: inefektif termoregulasi berhubungan dengan proses inflamasi,
demam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Tujuan: termoregulasi tubuh
anak normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kriteria Hasil: tidak ada
tanda – tanda kenaikan suhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Intervensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Gunakan
tindakan pendinginan untuk mengurangi demam, sebaiknya 1 jam setelah pemberian
antipiretik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Meningkatkan
sirkulasi udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Mengurangi
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Menggunakan
pakaian yang ringan / tipis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Paparkan
kulit terhadap udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Gunakan
kompres dingin pada kulit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Cegah
terjadi kedinginan, bila anak menggigil tambahkan pakaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Monitor
temperatur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 74.8pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-variant: normal !important; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kolaborasi:
berikan antipiretik sesuai dengan berat badan bayi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Evaluasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.6pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -116.9pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nyeri
pada abdomen dapat berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Syok hipovolemik dapat teratasi dengan
segera melakukan koreksi terhadap keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.4pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Obstrusi usus dapat teratasi untuk
memperbaiki kelangsungan dan fungsi usus kembali normal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
PATHWAYS INTUSUSEPSI</h3>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 243px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251650560;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Infeksi
virus adeno</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 243px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251651584;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pembengkakan
bercak jaringan limfoid</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 243px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251652608;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Peristaltik
usus meningkat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 83px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 251653632;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br />Usus
berinvaginasi ke dalam usus dibawahnya</span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 393px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251657728;"></span><span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 81px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251656704;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edema dan perdarahan mukosa<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Peregangan usus</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 75px; left: 0px; margin-left: 393px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251658752;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Sumbatan/obstruksi usus<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Pemajanan
reseptor nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="0" width="81"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><img height="27" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CASTRIH%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image009.gif" width="12" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Akumulasi
gas dan cairan di dalam lumen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 45px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 251659776;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebelah proksimal dari letak obstruksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nyeri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="1" width="181"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 27px; left: 0px; margin-left: 44px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251660800;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Distensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 49px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 55px; z-index: 251661824;"></span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muntah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 181px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251664896;"></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Kehilangan
cairan dan elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 39px; left: 0px; margin-left: 181px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251663872;"></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Volume ECF menurun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Syok hipovolemik</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<h2 style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kesimpulan</h2>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Berbagai gangguan yang terdapat pada saluran
pencernaan bayi dan anak salah satunya adalah adanya obstruksi pada usus dan
hal ini mencakup mekanik maupun paralitik. Sedangkan intususepsi merupakan
salah satu bentuk gangguan obstruksi usus yang sifatnya mekanik. <span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">Intususepsi
merupakan gangguan saluran pancernaan yang dimanifestasikan dengan terjadinya
invaginasi usus ke dalam bagian usus di bawahnya. Masalah yang utama muncul
yaitu terjadinya rasa nyeri abdomen yang paroksismal. Serta terjadinya gangguan
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit hingga terjadi syok hipovolemik.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
Dalam memberikan perawatan kepada bayi atau anak
dengan gangguan saluran pencernaan obstruksi usus mekanik ini yaitu intususepsi
harus diperhatikan ancaman yang dapat muncul selain rasa nyeri yaitu resiko
terjadinya syok yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Sehingga tenaga kesehatan
harus benar – benar memperhatikan tanda – tanda yang mengarah ke arah syok.</div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7863095253461111808" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Staf Pengajar
Ilmu kesehatan masyarakat. <i>Ilmu kesehatan anak</i>. Jakarta: Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas
Kedokteran UI, 1985</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Pilliteri, Adele. C<i>hild health
nursing, care of the child and family</i>, Los Angeles California,
Lippincott, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Wong, Donna L, Marilyn Hockenberry-
Eaton, Wilson- Winkelstein, W<i>ong’s essentials of pediatric nursing</i>,
America, Mosby, 2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-variant: normal !important;">Nettina, Sandra M. <i>Pedoman Praktik
Keperawatan.</i> Alih bahasa Setiawan,dkk. Jakarta, 2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 150%;">Wong, Donna L. </span><i style="line-height: 150%;">Wong and Whaley’s
clinical Manual Of Pediatric Nursing</i><span style="line-height: 150%;">. St.
Louis Nissori: Mosby, 1996</span></div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-84352113509826341262012-10-13T11:09:00.000-07:002012-10-13T11:09:03.075-07:00SPEEC DELAYED PADA ANAK<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
<h5 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></h5>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Sejak dahulu, masalah perkembangan anak telah mendapat
banyak perhatian. Gangguan bicara merupakan salah satu masalah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sering terdapat pada anak-anak. Perkembangan
ucapan serta bahasa yang dapat diperlihatkan oleh seorang anak, merupakan
petunjuk yang kelak penting untuk menetukan kemampuan anak tersebut untuk
belajar. Anak yang berkembang dengan normal, dalam 4 tahun yang pertama dalam
kehidupannya telah dapat mempelajari serta menguasai bagian terbesar dasar-dasar
tata bahasa yang mengatur bahasa ibunya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Periode yang amat penting bagi perkembangan kemampuan
berbicara dan bahasa telah sejak lama diterima orang sebagai periode yang
terdapat sekitar usia 9-24 bulan. Kemampuan berbahasa merupakan suatu indikator
untuk perkembangan pada anak. Secara khas, seorang anak yang secara dini telah
dapat berbicara serta berbicara dengan baik, kelak juga memperlihatkan prestasi
yang baik dalam kemampuan kegiatan belajarnya dan seorang anak yang lambat
dalam perkembangan ucapan serta bahasanya kelak mungkin memperlihatkan
permasalahan di sekolah. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Menurut NCHS, berdasarkan atas laporan orang tua
(diluar gangguan pendengaran dan celah pada palatum) angka kejadiannya 0,9 %
pada anak dibawah umur 5 tahun dan 1,94% pada anak usia 5-14 tahun. Dari hasil
evaluasi langsung terhadap anak usia sekolah, angka kejadiannya 3,8 kali lebih
tinggi dari yang berdasarkan hasil wawancara. Berdasarkan hal ini diperkirakan
gangguan bicara dan bahasa pada anak adalah sekitar 4-5% (Soetjiningsih, 1994).
Kemudian berdasarkan data kunjungan pasien di Ruang Poli Tumbuh Kembang RSDK
Semarang 6 bulan terakhir (Juni-November 2004) dimana 100 dari 250 jumlah
kunjungan melakukan pemeriksaan DDST dan dari 100 ditemukan gangguan bahasa
sebanyak 75% dari kasus yang lain seperti malnutrisi, retardasi mental dan ADHD
(hiperaktif dan autisme).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Deteksi dini perlu ditegakkan agar penyebabnya dapat
segera dicari, sehingga pengobatan serta pemulihannya dapat dilakukan seawal
mungkin. Contohnya pada seorang anak yang tuli konduktif tetapi cerdas yang
terlambat mendapat alat bantu dengar dan terapi wicara serta tidak diberikan
kesempatan mengembangkan sistem komunikasi non verbal oleh dirinya sendiri
sebelum usia 3 tahun maka kesempatan untuk mengajarinya agar mampu berbicara
yang dapat dimengerti. jelas dan terang telah hilang. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Untuk itu penulis tertarik untuk mengambil topik
mengenai pengelolaan dan deteksi dini gangguan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa
pada anak usia todler dengan harapan bahwa dengan dilakukannya skrining melalui
DDST dapat diketahui secara lebih dini mengenai keterlambatan perkembangan
bicara dan bahasa. Sehingga dapat segera ditanggulangi dengan berbagai macam
alternatif baik terapi bicara maupun pengobatan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tujuan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Adapun tujuan pembuatan makalah ini antara lain :</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tujuan Umum</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Setelah dilakukan kontrak belajar saya mampu mengelola dan melakukan
deteksi dini gangguan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa pada anak usia todler.</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tujuan Khusus</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Setelah dilakukan kontrak belajar saya mampu :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa yang normal
pada anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
perkembangan anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan stimulasi dasar perkembangan kemampuan
berbicara dan bahasa anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan pengertian gangguan perkembangan bicara dan
bahasa anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya gangguan perkembangan
bicara dan bahasa pada anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan tanda dan gejala terjadinya gangguan
perkembangan bicara dan bahasa pada anak usia todler</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menjelaskan penatalaksanaan anak usia todler dengan
gangguan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 55.85pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 55.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Melakukan pengelolaan dan deteksi dini pada anak usia
todler yang mengalami gangguan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
BAB II</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
TINJAUAN TEORI</h2>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Perkembangan
anak</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.4pt;">
Perkembangan merupakan bertambahnya kemampuan (skill)
dalam struktur dan fungsi tubuh yang lebih kompleks dalam pola yang teratur dan
dapat diramalkan, sebagai hasil dari proses pematangan. Disini menyangkut
adanya proses diferensiasi dari sel-sel tubuh, jaringan tubuh, organ-organ dan
sistem organ yang berkembang sedemikian rupa sehingga masing-masing dapat
memenuhi fungsinya. Termasuk juga perkembangan emosi, intelektual dan tingkah
laku sebagai hasil interaksi dengan lingkungannya. (Soetjiningsih, 1994).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.4pt;">
Kemampuan berbahasa merupakan indikator seluruh
perlembangan anak. Karena kemampuan berbahasa sensitif terhadap keterlambatan
atau kerusakan pada sistem lainnya, sebab melibatkan kemampuan kognitif,
sensori motor, psikologis, emosi dan lingkungan di sekitar anak.</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Perkembangan
Berbicara dan Bahasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Normal
pada Toddler</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Menurut Towne perkembangan berbicara dan berbahasa pada anak normal usia
toddler adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Umur</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bahasa Reseptif (Pasif)</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bahasa Ekspresif (Aktif)</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
12 bulan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Reaksi dengan melakukan gerakan
terhadap berbagai pertanyaan verbal</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Mengungkapkan kesadara tentang
obyek yang telah akrab dan menyebut namanya</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
15 bulan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Mengetahui dan mengenali
nama-nama bagian tubuh</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kata-kata yang benarterdengar
diantara kata-kata yang kacau, sering dengan disertai gerakan tubuhnya.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
18 bulan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dapat mengetahui dan mengenali
gambar-gambar obyek yang sudah akrab dengannya, jika obyek disebut namanya</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Lebih banyak menggunakan
kata-kata daripada gerakan, untuk mengungkapkan keinginannya.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
21 bulan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Akan mengikuti petunjuk yang
berurutan (ambil topimu dan letakkan diatas meja)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Mulai mengkombinasikan
kata-kata (mobil papa, mama berdiri)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 74.8pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
24 bulan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Mengetahui lebih banyak kalimat
yang lebih rumit.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Menyebut nama sendiri</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Sedangkan Fusco (2002) mengatakan bahwa perkembangan bahasa pada usia todlder
antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
a. 12 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak berkata 3-5 buruf</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak mengenal namanya sendiri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memahami perintah sederhana</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak memahami beberapa obyek dan aktivitas </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
b. 18 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak menggunakan 10-20 kata termasuk nama dirinya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengenali obyek berupa foto keluarga atau orang yang
dikenalnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dapat mengkombinasikan 2 suku kata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak senang meniru kegiatan dirumah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
c. 24 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak memahami perintah sederhana</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengidentifikasi kegiatan/aktivitas di dalam buku</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dapat berbicara rata-rata 3 kata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bicara diakhiri dengan “s”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak bertahan dengan satu aktivitas selama 6-7 menit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kosakata meningkat menjadi 300 kata, antara usia 2-4
tahun kosakata anak meningkat 2 kata perhari.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
d. 30 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kosakat meningkat menjadi 450 kata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak dapat menyebutkan nama anggota keluarga atau orang
yang dikenalnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dapat mengidentifikasi obyek secara terperinci</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Konsep awal dapat membedakan besar dan kecil </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
4. 3 tahun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak dapat menyebutkan nama warna</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak cenderung senang bercerita</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dapat bercerita tentang cerita sederhana.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.15pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kosakata bertambah menjadi 1000 kata-kata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anak sering menyebut namanya dan jalan. </div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Faktor-faktor
yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Bahasa Anak</h3>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 18.7pt; text-indent: -1.7pt;">
Terdapat
dua faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap tumbuh- kembang anak, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Faktor Genetik</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 36.4pt;">
Termasuk faktor genetik
antara lain adalah berbagai faktor bawaan yang normal dan patologik, jenis
kelamin, suku bangsa atau bangsa. Seperti sindrom Down, sindrom Turner yang
disebabkan oleh kelainan kromosom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Faktor Lingkungan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Y<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sosial Ekonomi Kurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Anak dengan keluarga sosial ekonomi kurang akan mengalami keterlambatan
dalam berbahasa karena fasilitas berbahasa dan pendidikan yang rendah pulan
dari orang tua. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Y<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Faktor Psikososial, antara lain: stimulasi,
motivasi belajar, hukuman yang wajar, kelompok sebaya, stres, sekolah, cinta
dan kasih sayang, kualitas interaksi anak-orang tua.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Y<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Faktor Keluarga dan Adat Istiadat, antara lain:
pekerjaan/ pendapatan keluarga, pendidikan ayah/ibu, jumlah saudara, jenis
kelamin dalam keluarga, stabilitas rumah tangga, kepribadian ayah/ibu,
adat-istiadat, norma-norma, agama, urbanisasi, kehidupan politik dalam
masyarakat yang mempengaruhi prioritas kepentingan anak, angaran, dll.
(Soetjiningsih, 1998)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Stimulasi
Dasar Perkembangan Bahasa pada Toddler<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Usia 12 – 15 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kegiatan yang perlu dilanjutkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bicaralah banyak-banyak kepada anak dan dorong
agar ia mau bicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dengarkan dan jawab bila anak bicara pada kita</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perlihatkan dan bacakan buku-buku bergambar pada
anak, beri kesempatan untuk menunjuk gambar yang kita sebut namanya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Membuat suara, misal dari kaleng atau kerincingan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bicara, dengan menyebut benda yang diinginkan dan
dilihat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menyebut nama bagian tubuh yang telah diajarkan
sebelumnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pembicaraan, dengan mengajarkan merangkaikan kalimat </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Usia 15 – 18 bulan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kegiatan yang perlu dilanjutkan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tunjukkan dan bacakan buku kepada anak setiap
hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nyanyikan lagu atau sajak untuk anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bicara banyak-banyak pada anak dan jelaskan apa
yang dilihat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ajari anak untuk menggunakan kata dalam
menyatakan keinginan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bahasa, dengan meminta anak menceritakan kembali cerita
atau gambar yang sudah dilihat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Main telpon, dengan permainan menelpon ayah atau nenek.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.35pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menyebutkan
nama, meminta anak menyebut barang yang akan dibeli bersama</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Usia 18 – 24 tahun</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kegiatan yang perlu dilanjutkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bernyanyilah dan ceritakan sajak untuk anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berbicaralah banyak-banyak pada anak dengan
membacakan buku</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dorong anak mau menceritakan hal yang sudah
dikerjakan dan dilihatnya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Televisi, lihat TV bersama anak dan ceritakan tentang
apa yang dilihat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengikuti petunjuk, dimulai dengan memberikan petunjuk
atau perintah pada anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Buku bergambar, minta anak menceritakan gambar-gamabr
yang dilihat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Usia 2 – 3 tahun </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kegiatan yang perlu dilanjutkan :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teruslah membaca untuk anak dan buat anak
melihat bahwa kita membaca buku. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dorong anak mau menceritakan kembali gamabr yang
dilihat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.85pt; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list 70.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bantu anak memilih TV dan menemaninya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo47; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nama, ajari anak menyebut namanya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo47; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cerita mengenai diri anak anada</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo47; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menyebut nama benda-benda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 51.05pt; mso-list: l19 level3 lfo47; tab-stops: list 52.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.05pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menyatakan keadaan suatu benda</div>
<h3 style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo56;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengertian Gangguan Bicara dan Bahasa</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.0pt;">
Gangguan bicara dan bahasa merupakan suatu keterlambatan
dalam berbahasa ataupun bicara dimana jika dilakukan penanganan dini akan
sangat menolong anak dalam masalah bahasa. (Jeniffer Fusco, 2002)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.0pt;">
Gangguan bahasa merupakan keterlambatan dalam sektor
bahasa yang dialami oleh seorang anak (Soetjiningsih, 1995). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.0pt;">
Bahasa dapat dirumuskan sebagai pengetahuan tentang
sistem lambang yang dipergunakan dalam komunikasi yang dilakukan secara lisan;
sedangkan ucapan atau berbicara adalah memperlihatkan pengetahuan tersebut
dalam suatu tingkah laku yang dapat didengar. Bahasa dapat dipandang sebagai
dasar di atas mana kemudian dibangun kemampuan berbicara tersebut, keduanya
akan berkembang dalam progresi yang beraturan. Kemampuan berbahasa
diperlihatkan dengan cara bagaimana anak merespon petunjuk lisan yang diberikan;
gerakan yang diperlihatkan anak untuk mengkomunikasikan kebutuhan, keinginan
serta penetahuan tenatng lingkungan serta melalui permainan kreatif dan
imajinatif. (Behrman, 1988)</div>
<h3>
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Etiologi
Gangguan berbicara dan Bahasa</h3>
<h4 style="margin-left: 18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-weight: normal;">Penyebab kelainan berbahasa bermacam-macam yang melibatkan
berbagai faktor yang dapat saling mempengaruhi, antara lain kemampuan
lingkungan, pendengaran, kognitif, fungsi saraf, emosi, psikologis dan lain
sebagainya. Menurut Blager B.F (1981) membagi penyebab gangguan bicara dan
bahasa adalah sebagai berikut :</span></h4>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 24.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.1pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penyebab</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 204.6pt;" valign="top" width="273"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Efek pada perkembangan bicara</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 188.1pt;" valign="top" width="251"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span>Lingkungan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sosial ekonomi kurang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tekanan keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Keluarga bisu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dirumah menggunakan bahasa bilingual</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span>Emosi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ibu yang tertekan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan serius pada orang tua</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan serius pada anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span>Masalah Pendengaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kongenital</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Didapat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span>Perkembangan terlambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perkembangan lambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perkembangan lambat, tetapi masih dalam batas
rata-rata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Retardasi mental</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span>Cacat bawaan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Palatoshciziz</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sindrom Down</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 3.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.4pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span>Kerusakan otak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan neuromuskular</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan sensorimotor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Palsi serebral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 12.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan Persepsi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 204.6pt;" valign="top" width="273"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gagap</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat pemerolehan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat pemerolehan struktur bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat pemerolehan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat atau gangguan perkembangan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat atau gangguan perkembangan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat/gangguan bicara yang permanen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat/gangguan bicara yang permanen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat bicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat bicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pasti terlambat bicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terlambat dan terganggu kemampuan bicaranya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kemampuan bicaranya lebih rendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mempengaruhi kemmapuan mengisap, menelan, mengunyah
dan akhirnya timbul gangguan bicara dan artikulasi seperti disartia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mempengaruhi kemampuan mengisap dan menelan, akhirnya
menimbulkan gangguan artikulasi seperti dispraksia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berpengaruh pada pernafasan, makan dan timbul juga
masalah artikulasi yang dapat mengakibatkan disartia dan dispraksia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kesulitan membedakan suara, mengenal bahasa,
simbolisasi, mengenal konsep, akhirnya menimbulkan kesulitan belajar
disekolah.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan Aram D.M (1987),
mengatakan bahwa gangguan bicara pada anak dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan
dibawah ini :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lingkungan sosial anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Interaksi antar personal merupakan dasar dari semua komunikasi dan
perkembangan bahasa. Lingkungan yang tidak mendukung akan menyebabkan gangguan
bicara dan bahasa pada anak.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem masukan/input</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Adalah sistem pendengaran, penglihatan dan integritas taktil-kinestetik
dari anak. Pendengaran merupakan alat yang penting dalam perkembangan bicara.
Anak deng otitis media kronik dengan penurunan daya pendengaran akan mengalami
keterlambatan kemampuan menerima ataupun mengungkapkan bahasa. Gangguan bicara
juga terdapat pada tuli oleh karena kelainan genetik dan metabolik (tuli
primer), tuli neurosensorial, (infeksi intra uterin ; sifilis, rubella,
tolsoplasmosis, sitomegalovirus), tuli konduktif seperti akibat malformasi
telinga luar, tuli sentral (sama sekali tidak mendengar), tuli perseptif/afasia
sensorik (terjadi kegagalan , integrasi arti bicara yang didengar menjadi suatu
pengertian yang menyeluruh), dan tuli psikis seperti pada schizoprenia, autisme
infantil, keadaan cemas dan reaksi psikologis lainnya. Pola bahsa juga akan
berpengaruh pada anak dengan gangguan penglihatan yang berat, demikian juga
dengan anak dengan defisit taktil kinestetik akan tejadi gangguan artikulasi. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem pusat bicara dan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kelainan susunan saraf pusat akan mempengaruhi pemahaman, inteprestasi,
formulasi dan perencanaan bahasa, juga pada aktifitas dan kemampuan intelektual
dari anak. Gangguan komunikasi biasanya merupakan bagian dari retasrdasi
mental, misalnya pada Sindrom Down.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sistem Produksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Sistem produksi suara seperti laring, hidung, struktur mulut dan
mekanisme neuromuskular yang berpengaruh terhadap pengaturan nafas untuk
berbicara, bunyi laring, pembentukan bunyi untuk artikulasi bicara melalui
aliran udara lewat laring, faring dan rongga mulut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -37.4pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut
Jeniffer Fusco (2002) etiologi dari gangguan bahasa karena kehilangan
pendengaran, infeksi kronik telinga, stroke atau trauma otak, syndroms,
retardasi mental, riwayat injuri otak selama prenatal, intranatal dan postnatal,
ketidakmampuan untuk memahami dan berbahasa, gangguan proses auditory,
keterlambatan perkembangan pada bayi prematur, kelemahan atau gangguan motorik,
gangguan proses sensory, dan gangguan otot. Dalam penelitiannya, Jeniffer Fusco
menemukan bahwa keterlambatan lebih banyak dialami pada laki-laki dibandingkan
dengan perempuan. Fusco berpendapat bahwa secara umum laki-laki mempunyai
kemampuan nonverbal yang lebih bagus dibandingkan dengan kemampuan verbal.</div>
<h4 style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">G.
Klasifikasi dan Tanda Gejala Gangguan Bicara dan Bahasa</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Rutter (dikutip
dari Toback C), berdasarkan atas berat ringannya kelainan bahasa dapat
dikelompokkan sebagai berikut :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 14.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ringan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.0pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Keterlambatan akuisi dari bunyi
kata-kata, bahasa normal.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dislalia</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sedang</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.0pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Keterlambatan lebih berat dari
akuisi bunyi kata-kata dan perkembangan bahasa terlambat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Disfasia ekspresif</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Berat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.0pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Keterlambatan lebih berat dari
akuisisi dan bahasa, gangguan pemahaman bahasa</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Disfasia reseptif dan tuli
perseptif</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Sangat berat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.0pt;" valign="top" width="245"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gangguan pada seluruh kemampuan
bahasa</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.9pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Tuli perseptif dan tuli sentral</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;">
Sedangkan Rapinda Allen (dikutip dari Klein, 1991) berdasar patofisologi
membagi kelainan bahasa pada anak menjadi 6 sub tipe :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>)
2 Primer ekspresif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>disfraksia verbal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>anak mengerti sefala sesuatu yang dikatakan
kepadanya, mereka lebih sering menunjuk daripada bicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>gangguan defisit produksi fonologi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>anak bicara dengan kata-kata dan frase yang
susah dimengerti bahkan pada orang-orang yang sering kontak dengannya sehingga
menimbulkan rasa marah dan frustasi bagi si anak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 Defisit represif dan ekspresif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>gangguan campuran ekspresif represif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>anak berbicara sulit dipahami dengan kalimat
yang pendek dan banyak dari mereka yang autistik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>disfrasia verbal auditori agnosia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>anak mengerti sedikit pada apa yang dikatakan
kepadanya walaupun kadang-kadang mereka mengikuti suatu pembicaraan dengan cara
lain dan miskin dalam artikulasi kata-kata. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -134.65pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>)
2 Defisit bahasa yang lebih berat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>gangguan leksikal sintaksis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>anak kesulitan dalam menemukan kata-kata yang
tepat khususnya saat bercakap-cakap. Mereka tidak gagap dan tidak menghindar
untuk berbicara.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>gangguan semantik pragmantik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.75pt; mso-list: l9 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anak dapat berbicara lancar tetapi mereka bicara
tanpa henti mengenai satu topik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.35pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Aram
D.M (1987) dan Towne (1983) gejala-gejala anak dengan gangguan bahasa adalah sebagai
berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 6 bulan anak tidak mampu memalingkan mata
serta kepalanya terhadap suara yang datang dari belakang atau samping.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 10 bulan anak tidak memberi reaksi terhadap
panggilan namanya sendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 15 bulan tidak mengerti dan memberi reaksi
terhadap kata-kata jangan, da-da, dan sebagainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 18 bulan tidak dapa menyebut sepuluh kata
tunggal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 2 bulan tidak memberi reaksi terhadap
perintah (misalnya duduk, kemari, berdiri)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 24 bulan tidak bisa menyebut bagian-bagian
tubuh</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 24 bulan hanya mempunyai perbendaharaan
kata-kata yang sangat sedikit/tidak mempunyai kata-kata huruf z pada frase</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 24 bulan belum mampu mengetengahkan ungkapan
yang terdiri ari 2 buah kata.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pada usia 30 bulan ucapannya tidak dapat dimengerti
oleh anggota keluarganya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pada
usia 36 bulan belum dapat menggunakan kalimat-kalimat sederhana</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pada
usia 36 bulan tidak bisa bertanya dengan menggunakan kalimat tanya yang
sederhana.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 27.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pada
usia 3,5 tahun selalu gagal untk menyebutkan kata akhir (ca untuk cat, ba untuk
ban dan lain-lain)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo57;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penatalaksanaan Klien dengan Gangguan Bicara dan bahasa</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deteksi dan penanganan dini
pada problem bicara dan bahasa pada anak, akan membantu anak-anak dan orang tua
untuk menghindari atau memperkecil kemungkinan kelainan pada masa sekolah
antara lain yang dengan menggunakan pemeriksaan DDST. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parameter
penilaian perkembangan dengan DDST</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aspek yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
melakukan pemeriksaan DDSTadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.05pt; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Alat yang Digunakan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.2pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Alat peraga : benang wol merah,
kismis/manik-manik, kubus warna merah-kuning-hijau- biru, permainan anak, botol
kecil, bola tenis, bel kecil, kertas, dan pensil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.2pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lembar formulir DDST</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.2pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list 46.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Buku petunjuk sebagai referensi yang menjelaskan
cara-cara melakukan tes dan cara menilainya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.05pt; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Prosedur DDST terdiri dari dua tahap, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.9pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 47.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap pertama : secara periodik dilakukan pada
semua anak yang berusia 3 – 6 bulan, 9 – 12 bulan, 18 – 24 bulan, 3 tahun, 4
tahun, 5 tahun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 47.9pt; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list 47.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tahap kedua : dilakukan pada mereka yang
dicurigai adanya hambatan perkembangan pada tahap pertama kemudian dilarutkan
dengan evaluasi diagnostik yang lengkap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.05pt; mso-list: l18 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.05pt; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Penilaian apakah lulus (Passed: P), gagal (Fail:
F), ataukah anak tidak mendapat kesempatan melakukan tugas (No Opportunity:
N.O). Kemudian ditarik garis berdasarkan umur kronologis, yang memotong garis
horisontal tugas perkembangan pada formulir DDST. Setelah itu dihitung pada
masing-masing sektor, berapa yang P dan berapa yang F, selanjutnya berdasarkan
pedoman, hasil tes diklasifikasi dalam normal, abnormal, meragukan
(Questionable) dan tidak dapat dites (Untestable).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 36.85pt left 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Abnormal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.0pt; mso-list: l35 level2 lfo54; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila didapatkan 2 atau lebih keterlambatan, pada 2
sektor atau lebih</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.0pt; mso-list: l35 level2 lfo54; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila dalam 1 sektor atau lebih didapatkan 2 atau lebih
keterlambatan plus 1 sektor atau lebih dengan 1 keterlambatan dan pada sektor
yang sama tersebut tidak ada yang lulus pada kotak yang berpotongan dengan
garis vertikal usia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 36.85pt left 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Meragukan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.0pt; mso-list: l35 level2 lfo54; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila pada 1 sektor didapatkan 2 keterlambatan atau
lebih.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.0pt; mso-list: l35 level2 lfo54; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bila pada 1 sektor atau lebih didapatkan 1
keterlambatan dan pada sektor yang sama tidak ada yang lulus pada kotak yang
berpotongan dengan garis vertikal usia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 36.85pt left 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidak dapat dites</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 36.85pt;">
Apabila terjadi
penolakan yang menyebabkan hasil tes menjadi abnormal atau meragukan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.85pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list 36.85pt left 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Normal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semua yang tidak tercantum
dalam kriteria tersebut di atas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.35pt; tab-stops: list 9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
Setelah terdeteksi terdapat
masalah dalam perkembangan bahasa maka dapat dicarai penyebabnya. Dengan
perbaikan masalah medis seperti tuli konduksi dapat menghasilkan perkembangan
bahasa yang normal pada anak yang tidak retardasi mental. Sedangkan
perkembangan bahasa dan kognitif pada anak dengan gangguan pendengaran sensoris
bervariasi. Dikatakan bahwa anak dengan gangguan fonologi biasaya prognosisnya
lebih baik. Sedangkan gangguan bicara pada anak yang itelegensinya normal
perkembangan bahasanya lebih baik daripada anak yang retardasi mental. Tetapi
pada anak dengan gangguan yang multipel terutama dengan gangguan pemahaman,
gangguan bicara ekspresif atau kemampuan naratif yang tidak berkembang pada
usia 4 tahu, mempunyai gangguan bahasa yang menetap pada usia 5,5 tahun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.05pt; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;">
Berikut ini penatalaksanaan
kelainan bicara dan bahasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut
Blager (1981) :</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 549px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.35pt; tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Masalah</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penatalaksanaan</b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rujukan</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lingkungan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sosek rendah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tekanan Keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Keluarga bisu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bahasa Bilingual</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan stimulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengurangi tekanan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan stimulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Menyederhanakan masukan bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelompok BKB (Bina Keluarga dan Balita) atau kelompok
bermain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Konseling keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelompok BKB</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ahli, terapi wicara</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emosi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ibu yang tertekan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan serius pada keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gangguan serius</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan stimulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan status emosi anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan status emosi anak</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Konseling, kelompok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>BKB/bermain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Psikoterapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Psikoterapi</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masalah Pendengaran</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kongenital</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Didapat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Monitor dan obati kalau memungkinkan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Monitor dan obati kalu memungkinkan</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Audiologist/ahli THT</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Audiologist/ahli THT</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Perkembangan
lambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dibawah rata-rata</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Perkembangan terlambat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Retardasi mental</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan stimulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan stimulasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Maksimalkan potensi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ahli terapi wicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ahli terapi wicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Program khusus</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 76.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Cacat
bawaan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
a.Palatum
sumbing</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
b.
Sindrom Down</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Monitor dan dioperasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Monitor dan stimulasi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ahli terapi setelah operasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rujuk ke ahli terapi wicara, SLB C, monitor
pendengarannya </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.85pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 28.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Kerusakan
otak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.3pt; tab-stops: 22.65pt list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.3pt;">
a.Kerusakan neuromuskular</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.3pt; tab-stops: 22.65pt list 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
b. Sensorimotor</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
c.Palsi Serebralis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Masalah persepsi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Atasi masalah makan dan meningkatkan kemampuan bicara
anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi masalah makan dan meningkatkan kemampuan
bicara anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengoptimalkan kemampuan fisik kogntitif dan bicara
anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi masalah keterlambatan bicara</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.6pt;" valign="top" width="199"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rujuk ke ahli terapi kerja, ahli gizi, ahli patologi
wicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rujuk ke ahli terapi kerja, ahli gizi, ahli terapi
wicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rujuk ke ahli rehabilitasi, ahli terapi wicara</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list 20.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rujuk ke ahli patologi wicara , kelompok BKB</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</h2>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Behrman, Richard E. (1988). Ilmu Kesehatan Anak :
Nelson. Ed. 12. Jakarta
: EGC</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Engel, joyce. (1998). Pengkajian Pediatrik, Alih
Bahasa Teresa, Jakarta
: EGC</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Beth cecily L, sowden Linda A. (2002). Buku Saku
Keperawatan Pediatrik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta : EGC.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Markum, A.H. (1991). Buku Ajar Anak. Jilid I, Jakarta : Fakultas
Kedokteran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Universitas Indonesia.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Soetjingsih. (1995). Tumbuh Kembang Anak, jakarta : EGC</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Suherman ( 1999 ). Buku Saku Perkembangan Anak. Jakarta : EGC</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">……….,Modul NCHS WHO. Unpublished</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">DEPKES RI. (1997). Pedoman Deteksi Dini Tumbuh
Kembang Balita. Ed. 10. Jakarta
: Direktorat Bina Kesehatan Keluarga</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.speechdelayed.com/">www.speechdelayed.com</a>,
Jeniffer Fusco , 2002, Fruequently Asked Question, Colombus, OH 43311.</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</div>
<div class="MsoHeading7">
LAMPIRAN HASIL DISKUSI DENGAN EXPERT<span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b>Hasil diskusi dengan expert I (dr. M/Residen
Anak)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.4pt; text-align: justify;">
Pemeriksaan DDST ini diperlukan untuk mengetahui secara dini gangguan
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak. Seringkali orang tua tidak menyadari
gangguan perkembangan yang terjadi pada anaknya. Mereka cenderung menganggap
masih wajar sehingga stimulasi dasar yang seharusnya diberikan pada anak tidak
diberikan. Keuntungan dari pemeriksaaan DDST ini diketahui secara dini gangguan
perkembangan pada anak maka dapat segera dilakukan stimulasi agar anak dapat
berkembang sesuai dengan umurnya. Faktor lingkungan dan orang tua sangat
penting dalam perkembangan anak. Salah satunya anak dengan keterlambatan bicara
dan bahasa, bisa diakibatkan karena pola asuh orang tua yang salah. Stimulasi
yang kurang diberikan pada masa perkembangan akan membuat anak tidak
berkembang. Untuk mengetahui gangguan yang terjadi pada anak dengan
keterlambatan bicara dan bahasa perlu dilakukan beberapa macam pemeriksaan
selain tes DDST. Biasanya dilakukan pemeriksaan tes pendengaran Bera Test dan
Barany test. Barany test dapat mengetahui gangguan fungsi pendengaran anak pada
frekuensi tertentu sedangkan Bera test akan lebih spesifik menentukan gelombang
tertentu yang mengalami kerusakan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.0pt; mso-list: l52 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b>Hasil diskusi expert II (Perawat R)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.4pt; text-align: justify;">
Dengan pemeriksaan DDST dapat diektahui keterlambatan perkembangan yang
terjadi pada anak. Biasanya orang tau membawa anaknya untuk dilakukan
pemeriksaan DDST bila ortu merasa anaknya mengalami gangguan perkembangan tidak
seperti anak yang lain. Rata-rata anak yang dibawa skrining DDST ini pada usia
todler yang mengalami keterlambatan di sektor bahasa. Dikatakan terlambat pada
suatu sektor jika terdapat 2 atau lebih tugas perkembangan yang tidak mampu
dilakukan anak. Untuk terapi anak yang mengalami keterlambatan biasanya dirujuk
ke rehabilitasi/PRU untuk dilakukan terapi. Begitu juga dengan keterlambatan
bicara dan bahasa biasanya dilakukan terapi wicara atau pemakaian alat bantu
dengar jika ditemukan gangguan pendengaran. Selain itu anak dapat disekolahkan
pada sekolah luar biasa agar berkembang sesuai kemampuannya.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-81597970422065917662012-10-10T12:13:00.002-07:002012-10-10T12:25:45.407-07:00SOP PENGAMBILAN SPUTUM BTA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://gusri-wahyudi.blogspot.com/2012/10/sop-pengambilan-sputum-bta.html" target="_blank">STRATEGI PRESEDUR OPERASIONAL (SPO) PENGAMBILAN SPUTUM BTA</a></h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-4185660802223904005" itemprop="description articleBody">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 4.4pt; width: 536px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 66.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 86.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 333.0pt;" valign="top" width="444"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suatu tindakan untuk mengambil sampel sputum untuk
pemeriksaan diagnostik, meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan BTA <i>(Basil Tahan Asam)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan
Sitologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan
kultur dan sensitivitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pemeriksaan <i>Gram Stain </i>: Bakteri gram negatif atau
positif.</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #B6DDE8; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 86.35pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144.0pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 4.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 50.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="6" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 50.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 477.0pt;" valign="top" width="636"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TUJUAN PEMERIKSAAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BTA
: Mengidentifikasi basil tahan asampada klien yang diduga menderita TBC,
pemeriksaan ini dilakukan 3 hari secara berturut-turut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sitologi
: Mengidentifikasi adanya sel-sel ganas pada klien yang dicuroigai kanker
paru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kultur
dan sensitivitas : Untuk menegakkan diagnosis, menentukan jenis
mikroorganisme, dan menentukan sensitifitas klien terhadap terapi antibiotik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 26.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gram Stain</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Untuk mengidentifikasi gram negatif atau gram
positif.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NO</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TINDAKAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BOBOT</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NILAI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BOBOT</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NILAI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #B6DDE8; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 31.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -5.4pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KETERANGAN</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGKAJIAN</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengkaji
program/insruksi medik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengkaji
pengetahuan klien tentang tujuan dan prosedur yang akan dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengkaji
kemampuan klien untuk mengeluarkan sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengkaji
status pernafasan klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">II</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 40.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 40.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan
Alat :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nierbeken/bengkok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kantong
plastik atau kotak untuk membawa spesimen kelaboratorium (sesuai kebijakan
RS).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Handscoen
bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sikat
gigi, tissue, mangkuk/kom muntah, dan masker (kalau perlu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Formulir
pemeriksaan laboratorium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bokal/pot
sputum yang sudah diberi label.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan
Klien :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjelaskan
tujuan dan prosedur yanga akan dilakukan sehari sebelum pemeriksaan, meliputi
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sputum diambil
pagi hari sebelum makan dan minum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Posisi klien
fowler klien fowler atau semi fowlwer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengajarkan klien
nafas dalam dan batuk efektif melakukan fisioterapi dada dan <i>postural drainage </i>(kalau perlu). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menganjurkan
klien untuk banyak minum pada malam sebelum tidur (bila tidak ada
kontaindikasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Khusus untuk
pemeriksaan sputum BTA dilakukan 3 kali/hari berturut-turut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 25.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">II</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IMPLEMENTASI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: -5.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 202.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 202.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mencuci tangan, memakai handscoen bersih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Membentangkan handuk didada klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberi kesempatan kepada klien utnuk berkumur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memberikan bokal/pot sputum steril dan mamberitahukan
agar klien tidak menyentuh bagian dalam bokal/pot sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menganjurkan klien untuk melakukan batuk efektif dengan
cara menarik nafas dalam beberapa kali, lalu membatukkan sputum <i>(bukan air ludah)</i> langsung dimasukkan
kedalam bokal/pot sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengulangi, sampai sputum terkumpul ± 5 ml.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menganjurkan klien untuk berkumur dan berikan tissue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Melepaskan handscoen dan buang ketempat yang sudah
ditentukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Merapikan klien dan membereskan alat-alat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mencuci tangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengirimkan bahan pemeriksaan sputum bersama formulir
pemeriksaan kelaboratorium dengan segera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IV</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EVALUASI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengevaluasi status respirasi dan respon serta
toleransi klien sebelum, selama, dan sesudah prosedur dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengevaluasi sampel sputum yang dibutuhkan sudah
memadai atau belum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengevaluasi karakteristik sputum (warna, jumlah
dan konsistensi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">V</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DOKUMENTASI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 67.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 67.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mencatat
tanggal dan jam pengambilan sputum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mencatat
status respirasi dan respon serta toleransi klien sebelum, selama, dan
sesudah prosedur dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mencatat
karakteristik sputum (warna, jumlah dan konsistensi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.3pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VI</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SIKAP</span></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 108.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 108.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 265.2pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistematis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hati-hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berkomunikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mandiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teliti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanggap
terhadap respon klien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rapih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjaga
privacy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 12.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sopan.</span></div>
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</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TOTAL
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.5pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5DFEC; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.25pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.0pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7863095253461111808.post-6327008452028206682012-10-02T10:24:00.003-07:002012-10-02T10:24:32.831-07:00ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGERTIAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Acut limphosityc leukemia adalah proliferasi maligna / ganas limphoblast
dalam sumsum tulang yang disebabkan oleh sel inti tunggal yang dapat bersifat
sistemik. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ngastiyah, 1997; Smeltzer
& Bare, 2002; Tucker, 1997; Reeves & Lockart, 2002).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENYEBAB ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Penyebab acut limphosityc leukemia sampai saat ini belum jelas, diduga
kemungkinan karena virus (virus onkogenik) dan faktor lain yang mungkin
berperan, yaitu:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Faktor eksogen </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sinar x, sinar radioaktif.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hormon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bahan kimia seperti: bensol, arsen, preparat sulfat,
chloramphinecol, anti neoplastic agent).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Faktor endogen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ras (orang Yahudi lebih mudah terkena dibanding orang
kulit hitam)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kongenital (kelainan kromosom, terutama pada anak
dengan Sindrom Down).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i>Herediter
(kakak beradik atau kembar satu telur).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ngastiyah, 1997)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PATOFISIOLOGI ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
Sel kanker menghasilkan leukosit yang imatur /
abnormal dalam jumlah yang berlebihan. Leukosit imatur ini menyusup ke berbagai
organ, termasuk sumsum tulang dan menggantikan unsur-unsur sel yang normal.
Limfosit imatur berproliferasi dalam sumsum tulang dan jaringan perifer
sehingga mengganggu perkembangan sel normal. Hal ini menyebabkan haemopoesis
normal terhambat, akibatnya terjadi penurunan jumlah leucosit, sel darah merah
dan trombosit. Infiltrasi sel kanker ke berbagai organ menyebabkan pembersaran
hati, limpa, limfodenopati, sakit kepala, muntah, dan nyeri tulang serta
persendian. Penurunan jumlah eritrosit menimbulkan anemia, penurunan jumlah
trombosit mempermudah terjadinya perdarahan (echimosis, perdarahan gusi,
epistaksis dll.). Adanya sel kanker juga mempengaruhi sistem retikuloendotelial
yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan sistem pertahanan tubuh, sehingga mudah
mengalami infeksi. Adanya sel kaker juga mengganggu metabolisme sehingga sel
kekurangan makanan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Ngastiyah, 1997;
Smeltzer & Bare, 2002; Suriadi dan Rita Yuliani, 2001, Betz & Sowden,
2002).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TANDA DAN GEJALA ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Manifestasi klinik dari acut limphosityc leukemia antara lain:</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pilek tak sembuh-sembuh</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pucat, lesu, mudah terstimulasi</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Demam, anoreksia, mual, muntah</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Berat badan menurun</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Ptechiae, epistaksis, perdarahan gusi, memar tanpa
sebab</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Nyeri tulang dan persendian </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Nyeri abdomen</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Hepatosplenomegali, limfadenopati</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Abnormalitas WBC</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Nyeri kepala</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMERIKSAAN DIAGNOSTIK PADA ACUT
LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Pemeriksaan diagnostik yang lazim dilakukan pada anak dengan acut
limphosityc leukemia adalah:</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pemeriksaan sumsum tulang (BMP / Bone Marrow
Punction):</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list -117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ditemukan sel blast yang berlebihan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list -117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peningkatan protein</div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Pemeriksaan darah tepi</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pansitopenia (anemia, lekopenia, trombositopneia)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peningkatan asam urat serum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peningkatan tembaga (Cu) serum</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Penurunan kadar Zink (Zn)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Peningkatan leukosit dapat terjadi (20.000 – 200.000 / <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">µ</span>l) tetapi dalam bentuk sel
blast / sel primitif</div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Biopsi hati, limpa, ginjal, tulang untuk mengkaji
keterlibatan / infiltrasi sel kanker ke organ tersebut</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Fotothorax untuk mengkaji keterlibatan mediastinum</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Sitogenik:</li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
50-60% dari pasien ALL dan AML mempunyai kelainan berupa:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kelainan jumlah kromosom, seperti diploid (2n), haploid
(2n-a), hiperploid (2n+a)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bertambah atau hilangnya bagian kromosom (partial
delection)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Terdapat marker kromosom, yaitu elemen yang secara
morfologis bukan komponen kromosom normal dari bentuk yang sangat besar sampai
yang sangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecil<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGOBATAN PADA ALL</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Transfusi darah, biasanya diberikan bila kadar Hb
kurang dari 6 g%. Pada trombositopenia yang berat dan perdarahan masif, dapat
diberikan transfusi trombosit dan bila terdapat tanda‑tanda DIC dapat diberikan
heparin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kortikosteroid (prednison, kortison, deksametason dan
sebagainya). Setelah dicapai remisi dosis dikurangi sedikit demi sedikit dan
akhirnya dihentikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sitostatika. Selain sitostatika yang lama (6‑merkaptopurin
atau 6‑mp, metotreksat atau MTX) pada waktu ini dipakai pula yang baru dan
lebih poten seperti vinkristin (oncovin), rubidomisin (daunorubycine), sitosin,
arabinosid, L‑asparaginase, siklofosfamid atau CPA, adriamisin dan sebagainya.
Umumnya sitostatika diberikan dalam kombinasi bersama‑sama dengan prednison.
Pada pemberian obat‑obatan ini sering terdapat akibat samping berupa alopesia,
stomatitis, leukopenia, infeksi sekunder atau kandidiagis. Hendaknya lebih
berhziti‑hati bila jumiah leukosit kurang dari 2.000/mm3.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Infeksi sekunder dihindarkan (bila mungkin penderita
diisolasi dalam kamar yang suci hama).</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Imunoterapi, merupakan cara pengobatan yang terbaru.
Setelah tercapai remisi dan jumlah sel leukemia cukup rendah (10<sup>5</sup> ‑
10<sup>6</sup>), imunoterapi mulai diberikan. Pengobatan yang aspesifik
dilakukan dengan pemberian imunisasi BCG atau dengan Corynae bacterium dan
dimaksudkan agar terbentuk antibodi yang dapat memperkuat daya tahan tubuh.
Pengobatan spesifik dikerjakan dengan penyuntikan sel leukemia yang telah
diradiasi. Dengan cara ini diharapkan akan terbentuk antibodi yang spesifik
terhadap sel leukemia, sehingga semua sel patologis akan dihancurkan sehingga
diharapkan penderita leukemia dapat sembuh sempurna.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cara pengobatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Setiap klinik mempunyai cara tersendiri bergantung pada pengalamannya.
Umumnya pengobatan ditujukan terhadap pencegahan kambuh dan mendapatkan masa
remisi yang lebih lama. Untuk mencapai keadaan tersebut, pada prinsipnya
dipakai pola dasar pengobatan sebagai berikut:</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Induksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Dimaksudkan untuk mencapai remisi, yaitu dengan pemberian berbagai obat
tersebut di atas, baik secara sistemik maupun intratekal sampai sel blast
dalam sumsum tulang kurang dari 5%.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Konsolidasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;">
Yaitu agar sel
yang tersisa tidak cepat memperbanyak diri lagi.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Rumat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(maintenance)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Untuk mempertahankan masa remisi, sedapat‑dapatnya suatu masa remisi yang
lama. Biasanya dilakukan dengan pemberian sitostatika separuh dosis biasa.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Reinduksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Dimaksudkan untuk mencegah relaps. Reinduksi biasanya dilakukan setiap 3‑6
bulan dengan pemberian obat‑obat seperti pada induksi selama 10‑14 hari.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah terjadinya leukemia susunan saraf pusat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Untuk hal ini diberikan MTX intratekal pada waktu induksi untuk mencegah
leukemia meningeal dan radiasi kranial sebanyak 2.4002.500 rad. untuk mencegah
leukemia meningeal dan leukemia serebral. Radiasi ini tidak diulang pada
reinduksi.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengobatan imunologik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Diharapkan semua sel leukemia dalam tubuh akan hilang sama sekali dan
dengan demikian diharapkan penderita dapat sembuh sempurna.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(FKUI, 1985)</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PATHWAYS</b><br />
<b><a href="http://yuudi.blogspot.com/2012/07/anatomi-kolon-manusia.html">disini </a></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MASALAH KEPERAWATAN YANG MUNGKIN MUNCUL
PADA ANAK DENGAN ACUT LIMPHOSITYC LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Adanya keganasan menimbulkan masalah keperawatan, antara lain:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Intoleransi aktivitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko tinggi infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuahn</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko cedera (perdarahan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko kerusakan integritas kulit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Nyeri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Resiko kekurangan volume cairan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berduka</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kurang pengetahuan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Perubahan
proses keluarga</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Gangguan
citra diri / gambaran diri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PERAWATAN PADA ANAK DENGAN ACUT LIMPHOSITYC
LEUCEMIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi keletihan / intoleransi aktivitas:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji adanya tanda-tanda anemia: pucat, peka rangsang,
cepat lelah, kadar Hb rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pantau hitung darah lengkap dan hitung jenis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan cukup istirahat dan tidur tanpa gangguan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Minimalkan kegelisahan dan anjurkan bermain yang tenang</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bantu pasien dalam aktivitas sehari-hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pantau frekuensi nadi, prnafasan, sebelum dan selama
aktivitas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ketika kondisi membaik, dorong aktivitas sesuai
toleransi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jika diprogramkan, berikan packed RBC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah terjadinya infeksi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Observasi adanya tanda-tanda infeksi, pantau suhu badan
laporkan jika suhu > 38<sup>o</sup>C yang berlangsung > 24 jam, menggigil
dan nadi > 100 x / menit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sadari bahwa ketika hitung neutrofil menurun
(neutropenia), resiko infeksi meningkat, maka:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tampatkan pasien dalam ruangan khusus</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sebelum merawat pasien: cuci tangan dan memakai pakaian
pelindung, masker dan sarung tangan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l5 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3).<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Cegah komtak dengan individu yang terinfeksi</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jaga lingkungan tetap bersih, batasi tindakan invasif</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Bantu ambulasi jika mungkin (membalik, batuk, nafas
dalam)</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Lakukan higiene oral dan perawatan perineal secara
sering.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pantau masukan dan haluaran serta pertahankan hidarasi
yang adekuat dengan minum 3 liter / hari</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berika terapi antibiotik dan tranfusi granulosit jika
diprogramkan</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Yakinkan pemberian makanan yang bergizi.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah cidera (perdarahan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Observasi adanya tanda-tanda perdarahan dengan inspeksi
kulit, mulut, hidung, urine, feses, muntahan, dan lokasi infus.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pantau tanda vital dan nilai trombosit</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hindari injesi intravena dan intramuskuler seminimal
mungkin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tekan 5-10 menit setiap kali
menyuntik</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gunakan sikat gigi yang lebut dan lunak</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hindari pengambilan temperatur rektal, pengobatan
rekatl dan enema</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hindari aktivitas yang dapat menyebabkan cidera fisik
atau mainan yang dapat melukai kulit.</div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberikan nutrisi yang adekuat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji jumlah makanan dan cairan yang ditoleransi pasien</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan kebersihan oral sebelum dan sesudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hindari bau, parfum, tindakan yang tidak menyenangkan,
gangguan pandangan dan bunyi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Ubah pola makan, berikan makanan ringan dan sering,
libatkan pasien dalam memilih makanan yang bergizi tinggi, timbang BB tiap hari</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sajikan makanan dalam suhu dingin / hangat</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pantau masukan makanan, bila jumlah kurang berikan
ciran parenteral dan NPT yang diprogramkan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah kekurangan cairan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji adanya tanda-tanda dehidrasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan antiemetik awal sebelum pemberian kemoterapi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Hindari pemberian makanan dan minuman yang baunya
merangngsang mual / muntah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Anjurkan minum dalam porsi kecil dan sering</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kolaborasi pemberian cairan parenteral untuk
mempertahankan hidrasi sesuai indikasi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Antisipasi berduka</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kaji tahapan berduka oada anak dan keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan dukungan pada respon adaptif dan rubah respon
maladaptif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Luangkan waktu bersama anak untuk memberi kesempatan
express feeling</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Fasilitasi express feeling melalui permainan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Memberikan pendidikan kesehatan pada pasien dan
keluarga tentang:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Proses penyakit leukemia: gejala, pentingnya pengobatan
/ perawatan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Komplikasi penyakit leukemia: perdarahan, infeksi dll.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Aktivitas dan latihan sesuai toleransi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mengatasi kecemasan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pemberian nutrisi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pengobatan dan efek samping pengobatan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Meningkatkan peran keluarga</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jelaskan alasan dilakukannya setiap prosedur pengobatan
/ dianostik</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jadwalkan waktu bagi keluarga bersama anak tanpa
diganggu oleh staf SR</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dorong keluarga untuk express feelings</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Libatkan keluarga dalam perencanaan dan pelaksanaan
perawatan si anak</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Mencegah gangguan citra diri / gambaran diri</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dorong pasien untuk express feelings tentang dirinya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Berikan informasi yang mendukung pasien ( misal; rambut
akan tumbuh kembali, berat badan akan kembali naik jika terapi selesai dll.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Dukung interaksi sosial / peer group</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sarankan pemakaian wig, topi / penutup kepala.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Betz, Sowden. (2002). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Buku Saku Keperawatan Pediatrik</u></b>. Edisi 2. Jakarta, EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Suriadi, Yuliani R. (2001). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Asuhan Keperawatan pada Anak</u></b>. Edisi I. Jakarta, CV Sagung Seto.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Reeeves, Lockart. (2002). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Keperawatan Medikal Bedah</u></b>. Cetakan I. Jakarta, Salemba Raya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>FKUI. (1985). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak</u></b>. Volume 1. Jakarta,
FKUI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sacharin Rosa M. (1993). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prinsip Perawatan Pediatri. </i></b>Edisi
2. Jakarta :
EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Gale Danielle, Charette Jane. (2000). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan Onkologi</i></b>, Jakarta
: EGC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Price Sylvia A, Wilson
Lorraine Mc
Cart .(1995). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patofisiologi.</i></b> Jakarta
: EGC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 18.0pt 103.5pt 171.0pt 184.5pt 220.5pt 256.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sutarni Nani.(2003). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prosedur Dan Cara Pemberian Obat
Kemoterapi. </i></b>Disampaikan Pada Pelatihan Kemoterapi Di RS Kariadi Semarang, Tanggal 13-15
November 2003.</div>
</div>
SEHATKAN INDONESIA MULAI DARI PROMOSI KESEHATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12168939526178055136noreply@blogger.com0